Effect of Radiation Emitted by Wireless Devices on Male Reproductive Hormones: A Systematic Review
Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) from various wireless devices has increased dramatically with the advancement of technology. One of the most vulnerable organs to the RF-EMR is the testes. This is due to the fact that testicular tissues are more susceptible to oxidative...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-09-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Physiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.732420/full |
| _version_ | 1819091871904825344 |
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| author | Sofwatul Mokhtarah Maluin Sofwatul Mokhtarah Maluin Khairul Osman Farah Hanan Fathihah Jaffar Siti Fatimah Ibrahim |
| author_facet | Sofwatul Mokhtarah Maluin Sofwatul Mokhtarah Maluin Khairul Osman Farah Hanan Fathihah Jaffar Siti Fatimah Ibrahim |
| author_sort | Sofwatul Mokhtarah Maluin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) from various wireless devices has increased dramatically with the advancement of technology. One of the most vulnerable organs to the RF-EMR is the testes. This is due to the fact that testicular tissues are more susceptible to oxidative stress due to a high rate of cell division and mitochondrial oxygen consumption. As a result of extensive cell proliferation, replication errors occur, resulting in DNA fragmentation in the sperm. While high oxygen consumption increases the level of oxidative phosphorylation by-products (free radicals) in the mitochondria. Furthermore, due to its inability to effectively dissipate excess heat, testes are also susceptible to thermal effects from RF-EMR exposure. As a result, people are concerned about its impact on male reproductive function. The aim of this article was to conduct a review of literature on the effects of RF-EMR emitted by wireless devices on male reproductive hormones in experimental animals and humans. According to the findings of the studies, RF-EMR emitted by mobile phones and Wi-Fi devices can cause testosterone reduction. However, the effect on gonadotrophic hormones (follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone) is inconclusive. These findings were influenced by several factors, which can influence energy absorption and the biological effect of RF-EMR. The effect of RF-EMR in the majority of animal and human studies appeared to be related to the duration of mobile phone use. Thus, limiting the use of wireless devices is recommended. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T22:46:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-eacbc9bd61414af5ae0657d0d9fd3296 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-042X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T22:46:37Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Physiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-eacbc9bd61414af5ae0657d0d9fd32962022-12-21T18:47:42ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Physiology1664-042X2021-09-011210.3389/fphys.2021.732420732420Effect of Radiation Emitted by Wireless Devices on Male Reproductive Hormones: A Systematic ReviewSofwatul Mokhtarah Maluin0Sofwatul Mokhtarah Maluin1Khairul Osman2Farah Hanan Fathihah Jaffar3Siti Fatimah Ibrahim4Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Nilai, MalaysiaCentre of Diagnostic Science and Applied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, MalaysiaDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaExposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) from various wireless devices has increased dramatically with the advancement of technology. One of the most vulnerable organs to the RF-EMR is the testes. This is due to the fact that testicular tissues are more susceptible to oxidative stress due to a high rate of cell division and mitochondrial oxygen consumption. As a result of extensive cell proliferation, replication errors occur, resulting in DNA fragmentation in the sperm. While high oxygen consumption increases the level of oxidative phosphorylation by-products (free radicals) in the mitochondria. Furthermore, due to its inability to effectively dissipate excess heat, testes are also susceptible to thermal effects from RF-EMR exposure. As a result, people are concerned about its impact on male reproductive function. The aim of this article was to conduct a review of literature on the effects of RF-EMR emitted by wireless devices on male reproductive hormones in experimental animals and humans. According to the findings of the studies, RF-EMR emitted by mobile phones and Wi-Fi devices can cause testosterone reduction. However, the effect on gonadotrophic hormones (follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone) is inconclusive. These findings were influenced by several factors, which can influence energy absorption and the biological effect of RF-EMR. The effect of RF-EMR in the majority of animal and human studies appeared to be related to the duration of mobile phone use. Thus, limiting the use of wireless devices is recommended.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.732420/fullmobile phoneWi-Fitestosteronefollicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| spellingShingle | Sofwatul Mokhtarah Maluin Sofwatul Mokhtarah Maluin Khairul Osman Farah Hanan Fathihah Jaffar Siti Fatimah Ibrahim Effect of Radiation Emitted by Wireless Devices on Male Reproductive Hormones: A Systematic Review Frontiers in Physiology mobile phone Wi-Fi testosterone follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| title | Effect of Radiation Emitted by Wireless Devices on Male Reproductive Hormones: A Systematic Review |
| title_full | Effect of Radiation Emitted by Wireless Devices on Male Reproductive Hormones: A Systematic Review |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Radiation Emitted by Wireless Devices on Male Reproductive Hormones: A Systematic Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Radiation Emitted by Wireless Devices on Male Reproductive Hormones: A Systematic Review |
| title_short | Effect of Radiation Emitted by Wireless Devices on Male Reproductive Hormones: A Systematic Review |
| title_sort | effect of radiation emitted by wireless devices on male reproductive hormones a systematic review |
| topic | mobile phone Wi-Fi testosterone follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.732420/full |
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