Risk Factors for Exposure of Wild Birds to West Nile Virus in A Gradient of Wildlife-Livestock Interaction
West Nile virus (WNV) transmission rate is shaped by the interaction between virus reservoirs and vectors, which may be maximized in farm environments. Based on this hypothesis, we screened for WNV in wild birds in three scenarios with decreasing gradient of interaction with horses: (i) the farm (A&...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/1/83 |
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| author | Laia Casades-Martí Rocío Holgado-Martín Pilar Aguilera-Sepúlveda Francisco Llorente Elisa Pérez-Ramírez Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero Francisco Ruiz-Fons |
| author_facet | Laia Casades-Martí Rocío Holgado-Martín Pilar Aguilera-Sepúlveda Francisco Llorente Elisa Pérez-Ramírez Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero Francisco Ruiz-Fons |
| author_sort | Laia Casades-Martí |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | West Nile virus (WNV) transmission rate is shaped by the interaction between virus reservoirs and vectors, which may be maximized in farm environments. Based on this hypothesis, we screened for WNV in wild birds in three scenarios with decreasing gradient of interaction with horses: (i) the farm (A<sub>1</sub>); (ii) the neighborhood (A<sub>2</sub>); and (iii) a wild area (A<sub>3</sub>). We captured wild birds and analyzed their sera for WNV antibodies by blocking ELISA and micro-virus neutralization test. <i>Flavivirus</i> infections were tested with generic and specific PCR protocols. We parameterized linear mixed models with predictors (bird abundance and diversity, vector abundance, vector host abundance, and weather quantities) to identify <i>Flavivirus</i> spp. and WNV exposure risk factors. We detected a low rate of <i>Flavivirus</i> infections by PCR (0.8%) and 6.9% of the birds were seropositive by ELISA. Exposure to <i>Flavivirus</i> spp. was higher in A<sub>1</sub> (9%) than in A<sub>2</sub> and A<sub>3</sub> (5.6% and 5.8%, respectively). Bird diversity was the most relevant predictor of exposure risk and passerines dominated the on-farm bird community. Our results suggest that measures deterring the use of the farm by passerines should be implemented because the environmental favorability of continental Mediterranean environments for WNV is increasing and more outbreaks are expected. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:31:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-eae00d98ffb1420d828a7ec9ec1780ee |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:31:01Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-eae00d98ffb1420d828a7ec9ec1780ee2023-11-30T23:53:30ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172023-01-011218310.3390/pathogens12010083Risk Factors for Exposure of Wild Birds to West Nile Virus in A Gradient of Wildlife-Livestock InteractionLaia Casades-Martí0Rocío Holgado-Martín1Pilar Aguilera-Sepúlveda2Francisco Llorente3Elisa Pérez-Ramírez4Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero5Francisco Ruiz-Fons6Health & Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, 13005 Ciudad Real, SpainHealth & Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, 13005 Ciudad Real, SpainCentro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), INIA-CSIC, 28130 Valdeolmos, SpainCentro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), INIA-CSIC, 28130 Valdeolmos, SpainCentro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), INIA-CSIC, 28130 Valdeolmos, SpainCentro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), INIA-CSIC, 28130 Valdeolmos, SpainHealth & Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, 13005 Ciudad Real, SpainWest Nile virus (WNV) transmission rate is shaped by the interaction between virus reservoirs and vectors, which may be maximized in farm environments. Based on this hypothesis, we screened for WNV in wild birds in three scenarios with decreasing gradient of interaction with horses: (i) the farm (A<sub>1</sub>); (ii) the neighborhood (A<sub>2</sub>); and (iii) a wild area (A<sub>3</sub>). We captured wild birds and analyzed their sera for WNV antibodies by blocking ELISA and micro-virus neutralization test. <i>Flavivirus</i> infections were tested with generic and specific PCR protocols. We parameterized linear mixed models with predictors (bird abundance and diversity, vector abundance, vector host abundance, and weather quantities) to identify <i>Flavivirus</i> spp. and WNV exposure risk factors. We detected a low rate of <i>Flavivirus</i> infections by PCR (0.8%) and 6.9% of the birds were seropositive by ELISA. Exposure to <i>Flavivirus</i> spp. was higher in A<sub>1</sub> (9%) than in A<sub>2</sub> and A<sub>3</sub> (5.6% and 5.8%, respectively). Bird diversity was the most relevant predictor of exposure risk and passerines dominated the on-farm bird community. Our results suggest that measures deterring the use of the farm by passerines should be implemented because the environmental favorability of continental Mediterranean environments for WNV is increasing and more outbreaks are expected.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/1/83bird diversitydisease ecologyemerging zoonoses<i>Flavivirus</i>horserisk factors |
| spellingShingle | Laia Casades-Martí Rocío Holgado-Martín Pilar Aguilera-Sepúlveda Francisco Llorente Elisa Pérez-Ramírez Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero Francisco Ruiz-Fons Risk Factors for Exposure of Wild Birds to West Nile Virus in A Gradient of Wildlife-Livestock Interaction Pathogens bird diversity disease ecology emerging zoonoses <i>Flavivirus</i> horse risk factors |
| title | Risk Factors for Exposure of Wild Birds to West Nile Virus in A Gradient of Wildlife-Livestock Interaction |
| title_full | Risk Factors for Exposure of Wild Birds to West Nile Virus in A Gradient of Wildlife-Livestock Interaction |
| title_fullStr | Risk Factors for Exposure of Wild Birds to West Nile Virus in A Gradient of Wildlife-Livestock Interaction |
| title_full_unstemmed | Risk Factors for Exposure of Wild Birds to West Nile Virus in A Gradient of Wildlife-Livestock Interaction |
| title_short | Risk Factors for Exposure of Wild Birds to West Nile Virus in A Gradient of Wildlife-Livestock Interaction |
| title_sort | risk factors for exposure of wild birds to west nile virus in a gradient of wildlife livestock interaction |
| topic | bird diversity disease ecology emerging zoonoses <i>Flavivirus</i> horse risk factors |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/1/83 |
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