AFM-Based Force Spectroscopy Guided by Recognition Imaging: A New Mode for Mapping and Studying Interaction Sites at Low Lateral Density
Ligand binding to receptors is one of the most important regulatory elements in biology as it is the initiating step in signaling pathways and cascades. Thus, precisely localizing binding sites and measuring interaction forces between cognate receptor–ligand pairs leads to new insights into the mole...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-01-01
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| Series: | Methods and Protocols |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2409-9279/2/1/6 |
| _version_ | 1818961047206232064 |
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| author | Melanie Koehler Anny Fis Hermann J. Gruber Peter Hinterdorfer |
| author_facet | Melanie Koehler Anny Fis Hermann J. Gruber Peter Hinterdorfer |
| author_sort | Melanie Koehler |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ligand binding to receptors is one of the most important regulatory elements in biology as it is the initiating step in signaling pathways and cascades. Thus, precisely localizing binding sites and measuring interaction forces between cognate receptor–ligand pairs leads to new insights into the molecular recognition involved in these processes. Here we present a detailed protocol about applying a technique, which combines atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based recognition imaging and force spectroscopy for studying the interaction between (membrane) receptors and ligands on the single molecule level. This method allows for the selection of a single receptor molecule reconstituted into a supported lipid membrane at low density, with the subsequent quantification of the receptor–ligand unbinding force. Based on AFM tapping mode, a cantilever tip carrying a ligand molecule is oscillated across a membrane. Topography and recognition images of reconstituted receptors are recorded simultaneously by analyzing the downward and upward parts of the oscillation, respectively. Functional receptor molecules are selected from the recognition image with nanometer resolution before the AFM is switched to the force spectroscopy mode, using positional feedback control. The combined mode allows for dynamic force probing on different pre-selected molecules. This strategy results in higher throughput when compared with force mapping. Applied to two different receptor–ligand pairs, we validated the presented new mode. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T12:07:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-eae16c5e285b4febbf02a946f660eb09 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2409-9279 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T12:07:13Z |
| publishDate | 2019-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Methods and Protocols |
| spelling | doaj.art-eae16c5e285b4febbf02a946f660eb092022-12-21T19:41:22ZengMDPI AGMethods and Protocols2409-92792019-01-0121610.3390/mps2010006mps2010006AFM-Based Force Spectroscopy Guided by Recognition Imaging: A New Mode for Mapping and Studying Interaction Sites at Low Lateral DensityMelanie Koehler0Anny Fis1Hermann J. Gruber2Peter Hinterdorfer3Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, 4020 Linz, AustriaInstitute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, 4020 Linz, AustriaInstitute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, 4020 Linz, AustriaInstitute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, 4020 Linz, AustriaLigand binding to receptors is one of the most important regulatory elements in biology as it is the initiating step in signaling pathways and cascades. Thus, precisely localizing binding sites and measuring interaction forces between cognate receptor–ligand pairs leads to new insights into the molecular recognition involved in these processes. Here we present a detailed protocol about applying a technique, which combines atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based recognition imaging and force spectroscopy for studying the interaction between (membrane) receptors and ligands on the single molecule level. This method allows for the selection of a single receptor molecule reconstituted into a supported lipid membrane at low density, with the subsequent quantification of the receptor–ligand unbinding force. Based on AFM tapping mode, a cantilever tip carrying a ligand molecule is oscillated across a membrane. Topography and recognition images of reconstituted receptors are recorded simultaneously by analyzing the downward and upward parts of the oscillation, respectively. Functional receptor molecules are selected from the recognition image with nanometer resolution before the AFM is switched to the force spectroscopy mode, using positional feedback control. The combined mode allows for dynamic force probing on different pre-selected molecules. This strategy results in higher throughput when compared with force mapping. Applied to two different receptor–ligand pairs, we validated the presented new mode.http://www.mdpi.com/2409-9279/2/1/6atomic force microscopySingle molecule force spectroscopyrecognition imagingmembranereceptor–ligand interactionenergy landscape |
| spellingShingle | Melanie Koehler Anny Fis Hermann J. Gruber Peter Hinterdorfer AFM-Based Force Spectroscopy Guided by Recognition Imaging: A New Mode for Mapping and Studying Interaction Sites at Low Lateral Density Methods and Protocols atomic force microscopy Single molecule force spectroscopy recognition imaging membrane receptor–ligand interaction energy landscape |
| title | AFM-Based Force Spectroscopy Guided by Recognition Imaging: A New Mode for Mapping and Studying Interaction Sites at Low Lateral Density |
| title_full | AFM-Based Force Spectroscopy Guided by Recognition Imaging: A New Mode for Mapping and Studying Interaction Sites at Low Lateral Density |
| title_fullStr | AFM-Based Force Spectroscopy Guided by Recognition Imaging: A New Mode for Mapping and Studying Interaction Sites at Low Lateral Density |
| title_full_unstemmed | AFM-Based Force Spectroscopy Guided by Recognition Imaging: A New Mode for Mapping and Studying Interaction Sites at Low Lateral Density |
| title_short | AFM-Based Force Spectroscopy Guided by Recognition Imaging: A New Mode for Mapping and Studying Interaction Sites at Low Lateral Density |
| title_sort | afm based force spectroscopy guided by recognition imaging a new mode for mapping and studying interaction sites at low lateral density |
| topic | atomic force microscopy Single molecule force spectroscopy recognition imaging membrane receptor–ligand interaction energy landscape |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2409-9279/2/1/6 |
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