Drinking natural water unchangeably is associated with reduced all-cause mortality in elderly people: A longitudinal prospective study from China
ObjectiveBecause of rapid economic growth and followed urban expansion in China, many people drinking natural water had to change their water sources to tap water. We aimed to test the unknown association that whether continued use of natural water for drinking is different from switching to tap wat...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Public Health |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.981782/full |
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| author | Lu Liu Yi Zheng Haiyan Ruan Haiyan Ruan Liying Li Liming Zhao Muxin Zhang Muxin Zhang Linjia Duan Sen He |
| author_facet | Lu Liu Yi Zheng Haiyan Ruan Haiyan Ruan Liying Li Liming Zhao Muxin Zhang Muxin Zhang Linjia Duan Sen He |
| author_sort | Lu Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ObjectiveBecause of rapid economic growth and followed urban expansion in China, many people drinking natural water had to change their water sources to tap water. We aimed to test the unknown association that whether continued use of natural water for drinking is different from switching to tap water in all-cause mortality risks in elderly people.MethodsIn total, based on Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey, 26,688 elderly participants drinking natural water from childhood to young-old were included in the final analyses. Associations between whether changing drinking water sources or not and all-cause mortality risk were then estimated by Cox regression models with the use of multiple propensity score methods, and the primary analysis used propensity score matching, with other propensity score methods confirming the robustness of the results.ResultsBaseline characteristics were fairly well balanced by the three post-randomization methods. During a median follow-up period of 3.00 (IQR: 1.52, 5.73) years, 21,379 deaths were recorded. The primary analysis showed people using natural water unchangeably was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality than those switching to tap water in later life (HR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.91–0.97, p < 0.001). Other propensity score methods, as well as Cox regression analysis without using propensity score methods, showed similar results.ConclusionsAmong elderly people depending on natural water for drinking from their childhood to young-old in China, continued use of natural water was associated with a lower all-cause mortality risk than conversion to tap water later. Further studies in different countries and populations are needed to verify our conclusions. |
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| id | doaj.art-eae5f03193e046aeb2e0ca58d5c72ed0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-2565 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-14T03:03:13Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
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| series | Frontiers in Public Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-eae5f03193e046aeb2e0ca58d5c72ed02022-12-22T02:15:51ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Public Health2296-25652022-08-011010.3389/fpubh.2022.981782981782Drinking natural water unchangeably is associated with reduced all-cause mortality in elderly people: A longitudinal prospective study from ChinaLu Liu0Yi Zheng1Haiyan Ruan2Haiyan Ruan3Liying Li4Liming Zhao5Muxin Zhang6Muxin Zhang7Linjia Duan8Sen He9Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, ChinaDepartment of Cardiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, ChinaDepartment of Cardiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, ChinaDepartment of Cardiology, Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shuangliu District, Chengdu, ChinaDepartment of Cardiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, ChinaDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu Office of People's Government of Tibetan Autonomous Region, Chengdu, ChinaDepartment of Cardiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, ChinaDepartment of Cardiology, First People's Hospital of Longquanyi District, Chengdu, ChinaDepartment of Cardiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, ChinaDepartment of Cardiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, ChinaObjectiveBecause of rapid economic growth and followed urban expansion in China, many people drinking natural water had to change their water sources to tap water. We aimed to test the unknown association that whether continued use of natural water for drinking is different from switching to tap water in all-cause mortality risks in elderly people.MethodsIn total, based on Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey, 26,688 elderly participants drinking natural water from childhood to young-old were included in the final analyses. Associations between whether changing drinking water sources or not and all-cause mortality risk were then estimated by Cox regression models with the use of multiple propensity score methods, and the primary analysis used propensity score matching, with other propensity score methods confirming the robustness of the results.ResultsBaseline characteristics were fairly well balanced by the three post-randomization methods. During a median follow-up period of 3.00 (IQR: 1.52, 5.73) years, 21,379 deaths were recorded. The primary analysis showed people using natural water unchangeably was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality than those switching to tap water in later life (HR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.91–0.97, p < 0.001). Other propensity score methods, as well as Cox regression analysis without using propensity score methods, showed similar results.ConclusionsAmong elderly people depending on natural water for drinking from their childhood to young-old in China, continued use of natural water was associated with a lower all-cause mortality risk than conversion to tap water later. Further studies in different countries and populations are needed to verify our conclusions.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.981782/fulltap waternatural waterdrinking water sourcesmortalityelderly people |
| spellingShingle | Lu Liu Yi Zheng Haiyan Ruan Haiyan Ruan Liying Li Liming Zhao Muxin Zhang Muxin Zhang Linjia Duan Sen He Drinking natural water unchangeably is associated with reduced all-cause mortality in elderly people: A longitudinal prospective study from China Frontiers in Public Health tap water natural water drinking water sources mortality elderly people |
| title | Drinking natural water unchangeably is associated with reduced all-cause mortality in elderly people: A longitudinal prospective study from China |
| title_full | Drinking natural water unchangeably is associated with reduced all-cause mortality in elderly people: A longitudinal prospective study from China |
| title_fullStr | Drinking natural water unchangeably is associated with reduced all-cause mortality in elderly people: A longitudinal prospective study from China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Drinking natural water unchangeably is associated with reduced all-cause mortality in elderly people: A longitudinal prospective study from China |
| title_short | Drinking natural water unchangeably is associated with reduced all-cause mortality in elderly people: A longitudinal prospective study from China |
| title_sort | drinking natural water unchangeably is associated with reduced all cause mortality in elderly people a longitudinal prospective study from china |
| topic | tap water natural water drinking water sources mortality elderly people |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.981782/full |
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