Identifying Potential Leakage Zones in an Irrigation Supply Channel by Mapping Soil Properties Using Electromagnetic Induction, Inversion Modelling and a Support Vector Machine
The clay alluvial plains of Namoi Valley have been intensively developed for irrigation. A condition of a license is water needs to be stored on the farm. However, the clay plain was developed from prior stream channels characterised by sandy clay loam textures that are permeable. Cheap methods of s...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-04-01
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| Series: | Soil Systems |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2571-8789/4/2/25 |
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| author | Ehsan Zare Nan Li Tibet Khongnawang Mohammad Farzamian John Triantafilis |
| author_facet | Ehsan Zare Nan Li Tibet Khongnawang Mohammad Farzamian John Triantafilis |
| author_sort | Ehsan Zare |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The clay alluvial plains of Namoi Valley have been intensively developed for irrigation. A condition of a license is water needs to be stored on the farm. However, the clay plain was developed from prior stream channels characterised by sandy clay loam textures that are permeable. Cheap methods of soil physical and chemical characterisations are required to map the supply channels used to move water on farms. Herein, we collect apparent electrical conductivity (EC<sub>a</sub>) from a DUALEM-421 along a 4-km section of a supply channel. We invert EC<sub>a</sub> to generate electromagnetic conductivity images (EMCI) using EM4Soil software and evaluate two-dimensional models of estimates of true electrical conductivity (σ—mS m<sup>−1</sup>) against physical (i.e., clay and sand—%) and chemical properties (i.e., electrical conductivity of saturated soil paste extract (EC<sub>e</sub>—dS m<sup>−1</sup>) and the cation exchange capacity (CEC, cmol(+) kg<sup>−1</sup>). Using a support vector machine (SVM), we predict these properties from the σ and depth. Leave-one-site-out cross-validation shows strong 1:1 agreement (Lin’s) between the σ and clay (0.85), sand (0.81), EC<sub>e</sub> (0.86) and CEC (0.83). Our interpretation of predicted properties suggests the approach can identify leakage areas (i.e., prior stream channels). We suggest that, with this calibration, the approach can be used to predict soil physical and chemical properties beneath supply channels across the rest of the valley. Future research should also explore whether similar calibrations can be developed to enable characterisations in other cotton-growing areas of Australia. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:18:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-eafbe4962ef740caab05c64ebde5fcac |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2571-8789 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:18:52Z |
| publishDate | 2020-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Soil Systems |
| spelling | doaj.art-eafbe4962ef740caab05c64ebde5fcac2023-11-19T22:22:35ZengMDPI AGSoil Systems2571-87892020-04-01422510.3390/soilsystems4020025Identifying Potential Leakage Zones in an Irrigation Supply Channel by Mapping Soil Properties Using Electromagnetic Induction, Inversion Modelling and a Support Vector MachineEhsan Zare0Nan Li1Tibet Khongnawang2Mohammad Farzamian3John Triantafilis4School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, AustraliaSchool of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, AustraliaSchool of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, AustraliaInstituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Ed. C1, Piso 1, 1749-016 Lisboa, PortugalSchool of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, AustraliaThe clay alluvial plains of Namoi Valley have been intensively developed for irrigation. A condition of a license is water needs to be stored on the farm. However, the clay plain was developed from prior stream channels characterised by sandy clay loam textures that are permeable. Cheap methods of soil physical and chemical characterisations are required to map the supply channels used to move water on farms. Herein, we collect apparent electrical conductivity (EC<sub>a</sub>) from a DUALEM-421 along a 4-km section of a supply channel. We invert EC<sub>a</sub> to generate electromagnetic conductivity images (EMCI) using EM4Soil software and evaluate two-dimensional models of estimates of true electrical conductivity (σ—mS m<sup>−1</sup>) against physical (i.e., clay and sand—%) and chemical properties (i.e., electrical conductivity of saturated soil paste extract (EC<sub>e</sub>—dS m<sup>−1</sup>) and the cation exchange capacity (CEC, cmol(+) kg<sup>−1</sup>). Using a support vector machine (SVM), we predict these properties from the σ and depth. Leave-one-site-out cross-validation shows strong 1:1 agreement (Lin’s) between the σ and clay (0.85), sand (0.81), EC<sub>e</sub> (0.86) and CEC (0.83). Our interpretation of predicted properties suggests the approach can identify leakage areas (i.e., prior stream channels). We suggest that, with this calibration, the approach can be used to predict soil physical and chemical properties beneath supply channels across the rest of the valley. Future research should also explore whether similar calibrations can be developed to enable characterisations in other cotton-growing areas of Australia.https://www.mdpi.com/2571-8789/4/2/25DUALEM-421soil apparent electrical conductivityinversion modellingelectromagnetic conductivity imaging (EMCI) |
| spellingShingle | Ehsan Zare Nan Li Tibet Khongnawang Mohammad Farzamian John Triantafilis Identifying Potential Leakage Zones in an Irrigation Supply Channel by Mapping Soil Properties Using Electromagnetic Induction, Inversion Modelling and a Support Vector Machine Soil Systems DUALEM-421 soil apparent electrical conductivity inversion modelling electromagnetic conductivity imaging (EMCI) |
| title | Identifying Potential Leakage Zones in an Irrigation Supply Channel by Mapping Soil Properties Using Electromagnetic Induction, Inversion Modelling and a Support Vector Machine |
| title_full | Identifying Potential Leakage Zones in an Irrigation Supply Channel by Mapping Soil Properties Using Electromagnetic Induction, Inversion Modelling and a Support Vector Machine |
| title_fullStr | Identifying Potential Leakage Zones in an Irrigation Supply Channel by Mapping Soil Properties Using Electromagnetic Induction, Inversion Modelling and a Support Vector Machine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Identifying Potential Leakage Zones in an Irrigation Supply Channel by Mapping Soil Properties Using Electromagnetic Induction, Inversion Modelling and a Support Vector Machine |
| title_short | Identifying Potential Leakage Zones in an Irrigation Supply Channel by Mapping Soil Properties Using Electromagnetic Induction, Inversion Modelling and a Support Vector Machine |
| title_sort | identifying potential leakage zones in an irrigation supply channel by mapping soil properties using electromagnetic induction inversion modelling and a support vector machine |
| topic | DUALEM-421 soil apparent electrical conductivity inversion modelling electromagnetic conductivity imaging (EMCI) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2571-8789/4/2/25 |
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