Limb symmetry during double-leg squats and single-leg squats on land and in water in adults with long-standing unilateral anterior knee pain; a cross sectional study
Abstract Background The presence of pain during movement typically results in changes in technique. However, the physical properties of water, such as flotation, means that water-based exercise may not only reduce compensatory movement patterns but also allow pain sufferers to complete exercises tha...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2017-12-01
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| Series: | BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13102-017-0085-x |
| _version_ | 1817984968241971200 |
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| author | Anna C. Severin Brendan J. Burkett Mark R. McKean Aaron N. Wiegand Mark G. L. Sayers |
| author_facet | Anna C. Severin Brendan J. Burkett Mark R. McKean Aaron N. Wiegand Mark G. L. Sayers |
| author_sort | Anna C. Severin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background The presence of pain during movement typically results in changes in technique. However, the physical properties of water, such as flotation, means that water-based exercise may not only reduce compensatory movement patterns but also allow pain sufferers to complete exercises that they are unable to perform on land. The purpose of this study was to assess bilateral kinematics during double-leg squats and single-leg squats on land and in water in individuals with unilateral anterior knee pain. A secondary aim was to quantify bilateral asymmetry in both environments in affected and unaffected individuals using a symmetry index. Methods Twenty individuals with unilateral knee pain and twenty healthy, matched controls performed body weight double- and single-leg squats in both environments while inertial sensors (100 Hz) recorded trunk and lower body kinematics. Repeated-measures statistics tested for environmental effects on movement depths and peak angles within the anterior knee pain group. Differences in their inter-limb symmetry in each environments was compared to the control group using analysis of variance tests. Results Water immersion allowed for greater movement depths during both exercises (double-leg squat: +7 cm, p = 0.032, single-leg squat: +9 cm, p = 0.002) for the knee pain group. The double-leg squat was symmetrical on land but water immersion revealed asymmetries in the lower body frontal plane movements. The single-leg squat revealed decreased hip flexion and frontal plane shank motions on the affected limb in both environments. Water immersion also affected the degree of lower limb asymmetry in both groups, with differences also showing between groups. Conclusions Individuals with anterior knee pain achieved increased squat depth during both exercises whilst in water. Kinematic differences between the affected and unaffected limbs were often increased in water. Individuals with unilateral anterior knee pain appear to utilise different kinematics in the affected and unaffected limb in both environments. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T23:51:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-eafe31ebecd5401a800083a4d342ebe2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2052-1847 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T23:51:15Z |
| publishDate | 2017-12-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation |
| spelling | doaj.art-eafe31ebecd5401a800083a4d342ebe22022-12-22T02:24:04ZengBMCBMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation2052-18472017-12-01911910.1186/s13102-017-0085-xLimb symmetry during double-leg squats and single-leg squats on land and in water in adults with long-standing unilateral anterior knee pain; a cross sectional studyAnna C. Severin0Brendan J. Burkett1Mark R. McKean2Aaron N. Wiegand3Mark G. L. Sayers4School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of the Sunshine CoastSchool of Health and Sports Sciences, University of the Sunshine CoastSchool of Health and Sports Sciences, University of the Sunshine CoastSchool of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine CoastSchool of Health and Sports Sciences, University of the Sunshine CoastAbstract Background The presence of pain during movement typically results in changes in technique. However, the physical properties of water, such as flotation, means that water-based exercise may not only reduce compensatory movement patterns but also allow pain sufferers to complete exercises that they are unable to perform on land. The purpose of this study was to assess bilateral kinematics during double-leg squats and single-leg squats on land and in water in individuals with unilateral anterior knee pain. A secondary aim was to quantify bilateral asymmetry in both environments in affected and unaffected individuals using a symmetry index. Methods Twenty individuals with unilateral knee pain and twenty healthy, matched controls performed body weight double- and single-leg squats in both environments while inertial sensors (100 Hz) recorded trunk and lower body kinematics. Repeated-measures statistics tested for environmental effects on movement depths and peak angles within the anterior knee pain group. Differences in their inter-limb symmetry in each environments was compared to the control group using analysis of variance tests. Results Water immersion allowed for greater movement depths during both exercises (double-leg squat: +7 cm, p = 0.032, single-leg squat: +9 cm, p = 0.002) for the knee pain group. The double-leg squat was symmetrical on land but water immersion revealed asymmetries in the lower body frontal plane movements. The single-leg squat revealed decreased hip flexion and frontal plane shank motions on the affected limb in both environments. Water immersion also affected the degree of lower limb asymmetry in both groups, with differences also showing between groups. Conclusions Individuals with anterior knee pain achieved increased squat depth during both exercises whilst in water. Kinematic differences between the affected and unaffected limbs were often increased in water. Individuals with unilateral anterior knee pain appear to utilise different kinematics in the affected and unaffected limb in both environments.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13102-017-0085-xInertial sensorsAsymmetryKinematicsAquatic exercise |
| spellingShingle | Anna C. Severin Brendan J. Burkett Mark R. McKean Aaron N. Wiegand Mark G. L. Sayers Limb symmetry during double-leg squats and single-leg squats on land and in water in adults with long-standing unilateral anterior knee pain; a cross sectional study BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation Inertial sensors Asymmetry Kinematics Aquatic exercise |
| title | Limb symmetry during double-leg squats and single-leg squats on land and in water in adults with long-standing unilateral anterior knee pain; a cross sectional study |
| title_full | Limb symmetry during double-leg squats and single-leg squats on land and in water in adults with long-standing unilateral anterior knee pain; a cross sectional study |
| title_fullStr | Limb symmetry during double-leg squats and single-leg squats on land and in water in adults with long-standing unilateral anterior knee pain; a cross sectional study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Limb symmetry during double-leg squats and single-leg squats on land and in water in adults with long-standing unilateral anterior knee pain; a cross sectional study |
| title_short | Limb symmetry during double-leg squats and single-leg squats on land and in water in adults with long-standing unilateral anterior knee pain; a cross sectional study |
| title_sort | limb symmetry during double leg squats and single leg squats on land and in water in adults with long standing unilateral anterior knee pain a cross sectional study |
| topic | Inertial sensors Asymmetry Kinematics Aquatic exercise |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13102-017-0085-x |
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