| Summary: | Clinicopathologic data in dogs with prostate cancer (PCa) may aid in the differentiation between tumor types and subsequent treatment decisions; however, these data are often unreported. Demographic, clinicopathologic, cytologic, histologic and survival data from dogs with primary prostatic adenocarcinoma (PRAD) (<i>n</i> = 56) and primary prostatic transitional cell carcinoma (P-TCC) (<i>n</i> = 74) were acquired from a tertiary veterinary teaching hospital from 1992 to 2022. Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) to albumin ratio (RAR) was evaluated for diagnostic utility in differentiating between PRAD and P-TCC. Sections from PRAD tumors (<i>n</i> = 50) were stained for androgen receptor (AR) expression, and laboratory data were compared between AR positive (AR+) and AR negative (AR−) groups. RDW was increased in PRAD, while albumin was decreased (<i>p</i> < 0.05). P-TCC was associated with Melamed-Wolinska bodies (MWB) and necrosis on cytology (<i>p</i> < 0.05). RAR had acceptable diagnostic utility in the differentiation of PCa tumors (AUC = 0.7; <i>p</i> < 0.05). Survival rates and metastases were equivocal. AR+ and AR− PRAD tumors did not differ in clinicopathologic data or survival (<i>p</i> > 0.05). In conclusion, hypoalbuminemia was significantly associated with PRAD and decreased survival, while MWB and necrosis were significantly associated with P-TCC on cytology. These clinicopathologic data may help clinicians differentiate between these tumors ante mortem to guide appropriate treatment and intervention.
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