A Century Spent Combating Rabies in Morocco (1911–2015): How Much Longer?
Rabies has no known beginning in Morocco and to date, government control efforts and plans fail to eradicate the disease. A review and analysis of available epidemiological data are crucial to learn lessons from the past and to propose effective actions. Legally, animal rabies is a notifiable diseas...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2017-06-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2017.00078/full |
| _version_ | 1819267450032619520 |
|---|---|
| author | Sami Darkaoui Florence Cliquet Marine Wasniewski Emmanuelle Robardet Nadia Aboulfidaa Mohammed Bouslikhane Ouafaa Fassi-Fihri |
| author_facet | Sami Darkaoui Florence Cliquet Marine Wasniewski Emmanuelle Robardet Nadia Aboulfidaa Mohammed Bouslikhane Ouafaa Fassi-Fihri |
| author_sort | Sami Darkaoui |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Rabies has no known beginning in Morocco and to date, government control efforts and plans fail to eradicate the disease. A review and analysis of available epidemiological data are crucial to learn lessons from the past and to propose effective actions. Legally, animal rabies is a notifiable disease since 1913 and legislation has been updated periodically since. Dogs have always been considered as both the disease’s vector and reservoir, while cattle, other herbivores, and humans are victims. Animal rabies cases evolution from 1942 to 2015 is characterized by ascending phase then decreasing one following structured rabies control plan implementation in 1980s. Indeed, from 1986 to 2010, three rabies control plans have been conducted based on free of charge rabies vaccination of owned dogs through mass campaigns. The geographical distribution of rabies is stable over the years with highest cases number in rich rural areas and around cities. Human rabies cases are decreasing over the time (1976–2015) thanks to the opening of new antirabic treatment centers in the last decade which permit the administration of more PEPs. After a century of rabies control, Morocco registered an average of 301 animal cases and 21 human cases annually for the last decade (2005–2015). Few reasons led to those limited results. The lack in law enforcement and, moreover, the fact that the law do not take into account responsible dog ownership aspect are of importance. Lack of dog population knowledge and management and intersectoral coordination deficiency are additional failure reasons. The gathered data will help to build a new strategy with a focus on a “One Health” approach. Dog population ecology parameters’ study is of primary importance. We estimated dog population to be 2.8 million dogs based on human:dog ratio. Enhancing vaccination coverage of dog population is feasible by combining parenteral vaccination and complementary oral vaccination. Updating legislation by inclusion of responsible dog ownership and law enforcement are crucial. Over the last century, Morocco registered a slow decreasing tendency in the number of animal and human rabies cases. Urgent strategy need to be implemented because rabies elimination is an achievable goal in Morocco. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-23T21:17:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-eb4eefe6178a47849c7fc55119ad0dd7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2297-1769 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-23T21:17:21Z |
| publishDate | 2017-06-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-eb4eefe6178a47849c7fc55119ad0dd72022-12-21T17:30:53ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Veterinary Science2297-17692017-06-01410.3389/fvets.2017.00078245558A Century Spent Combating Rabies in Morocco (1911–2015): How Much Longer?Sami Darkaoui0Florence Cliquet1Marine Wasniewski2Emmanuelle Robardet3Nadia Aboulfidaa4Mohammed Bouslikhane5Ouafaa Fassi-Fihri6Division of Pharmacy and Veterinary Inputs, National Food Safety Office, Rabat, MoroccoANSES – Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, FranceANSES – Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, FranceANSES – Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, FranceDivision of Pharmacy and Veterinary Inputs, National Food Safety Office, Rabat, MoroccoDepartment of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat, MoroccoDepartment of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat, MoroccoRabies has no known beginning in Morocco and to date, government control efforts and plans fail to eradicate the disease. A review and analysis of available epidemiological data are crucial to learn lessons from the past and to propose effective actions. Legally, animal rabies is a notifiable disease since 1913 and legislation has been updated periodically since. Dogs have always been considered as both the disease’s vector and reservoir, while cattle, other herbivores, and humans are victims. Animal rabies cases evolution from 1942 to 2015 is characterized by ascending phase then decreasing one following structured rabies control plan implementation in 1980s. Indeed, from 1986 to 2010, three rabies control plans have been conducted based on free of charge rabies vaccination of owned dogs through mass campaigns. The geographical distribution of rabies is stable over the years with highest cases number in rich rural areas and around cities. Human rabies cases are decreasing over the time (1976–2015) thanks to the opening of new antirabic treatment centers in the last decade which permit the administration of more PEPs. After a century of rabies control, Morocco registered an average of 301 animal cases and 21 human cases annually for the last decade (2005–2015). Few reasons led to those limited results. The lack in law enforcement and, moreover, the fact that the law do not take into account responsible dog ownership aspect are of importance. Lack of dog population knowledge and management and intersectoral coordination deficiency are additional failure reasons. The gathered data will help to build a new strategy with a focus on a “One Health” approach. Dog population ecology parameters’ study is of primary importance. We estimated dog population to be 2.8 million dogs based on human:dog ratio. Enhancing vaccination coverage of dog population is feasible by combining parenteral vaccination and complementary oral vaccination. Updating legislation by inclusion of responsible dog ownership and law enforcement are crucial. Over the last century, Morocco registered a slow decreasing tendency in the number of animal and human rabies cases. Urgent strategy need to be implemented because rabies elimination is an achievable goal in Morocco.http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2017.00078/fullrabiesMoroccoepidemiologydogone healthvaccination coverage |
| spellingShingle | Sami Darkaoui Florence Cliquet Marine Wasniewski Emmanuelle Robardet Nadia Aboulfidaa Mohammed Bouslikhane Ouafaa Fassi-Fihri A Century Spent Combating Rabies in Morocco (1911–2015): How Much Longer? Frontiers in Veterinary Science rabies Morocco epidemiology dog one health vaccination coverage |
| title | A Century Spent Combating Rabies in Morocco (1911–2015): How Much Longer? |
| title_full | A Century Spent Combating Rabies in Morocco (1911–2015): How Much Longer? |
| title_fullStr | A Century Spent Combating Rabies in Morocco (1911–2015): How Much Longer? |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Century Spent Combating Rabies in Morocco (1911–2015): How Much Longer? |
| title_short | A Century Spent Combating Rabies in Morocco (1911–2015): How Much Longer? |
| title_sort | century spent combating rabies in morocco 1911 2015 how much longer |
| topic | rabies Morocco epidemiology dog one health vaccination coverage |
| url | http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fvets.2017.00078/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT samidarkaoui acenturyspentcombatingrabiesinmorocco19112015howmuchlonger AT florencecliquet acenturyspentcombatingrabiesinmorocco19112015howmuchlonger AT marinewasniewski acenturyspentcombatingrabiesinmorocco19112015howmuchlonger AT emmanuellerobardet acenturyspentcombatingrabiesinmorocco19112015howmuchlonger AT nadiaaboulfidaa acenturyspentcombatingrabiesinmorocco19112015howmuchlonger AT mohammedbouslikhane acenturyspentcombatingrabiesinmorocco19112015howmuchlonger AT ouafaafassifihri acenturyspentcombatingrabiesinmorocco19112015howmuchlonger AT samidarkaoui centuryspentcombatingrabiesinmorocco19112015howmuchlonger AT florencecliquet centuryspentcombatingrabiesinmorocco19112015howmuchlonger AT marinewasniewski centuryspentcombatingrabiesinmorocco19112015howmuchlonger AT emmanuellerobardet centuryspentcombatingrabiesinmorocco19112015howmuchlonger AT nadiaaboulfidaa centuryspentcombatingrabiesinmorocco19112015howmuchlonger AT mohammedbouslikhane centuryspentcombatingrabiesinmorocco19112015howmuchlonger AT ouafaafassifihri centuryspentcombatingrabiesinmorocco19112015howmuchlonger |