Escape and Over-Activation of Innate Immune Responses by SARS-CoV-2: Two Faces of a Coin
In the past 20 years, coronaviruses (CoVs), including SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, have rapidly evolved and emerged in the human population. The innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Multiple host cellular receptors can trigger the innate immune syste...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/3/530 |
| _version_ | 1797440983991844864 |
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| author | Sameer-ul-Salam Mattoo Seong-Jun Kim Dae-Gyun Ahn Jinjong Myoung |
| author_facet | Sameer-ul-Salam Mattoo Seong-Jun Kim Dae-Gyun Ahn Jinjong Myoung |
| author_sort | Sameer-ul-Salam Mattoo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the past 20 years, coronaviruses (CoVs), including SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, have rapidly evolved and emerged in the human population. The innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Multiple host cellular receptors can trigger the innate immune system to eliminate invading pathogens. However, these CoVs have acquired strategies to evade innate immune responses by avoiding recognition by host sensors, leading to impaired interferon (IFN) production and antagonizing of the IFN signaling pathways. In contrast, the dysregulated induction of inflammasomes, leading to uncontrolled production of IL-1 family cytokines (IL-1β and IL-18) and pyroptosis, has been associated with COVID-19 pathogenesis. This review summarizes innate immune evasion strategies employed by SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV in brief and SARS-CoV-2 in more detail. In addition, we outline potential mechanisms of inflammasome activation and evasion and their impact on disease prognosis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:17:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-eb58cfd660024dd99bd5554769dd8f8a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:17:18Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-eb58cfd660024dd99bd5554769dd8f8a2023-11-30T22:45:51ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152022-03-0114353010.3390/v14030530Escape and Over-Activation of Innate Immune Responses by SARS-CoV-2: Two Faces of a CoinSameer-ul-Salam Mattoo0Seong-Jun Kim1Dae-Gyun Ahn2Jinjong Myoung3Department of Bioactive Material Science, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute and Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54531, KoreaCenter for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, KoreaCenter for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, KoreaDepartment of Bioactive Material Science, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute and Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54531, KoreaIn the past 20 years, coronaviruses (CoVs), including SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, have rapidly evolved and emerged in the human population. The innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Multiple host cellular receptors can trigger the innate immune system to eliminate invading pathogens. However, these CoVs have acquired strategies to evade innate immune responses by avoiding recognition by host sensors, leading to impaired interferon (IFN) production and antagonizing of the IFN signaling pathways. In contrast, the dysregulated induction of inflammasomes, leading to uncontrolled production of IL-1 family cytokines (IL-1β and IL-18) and pyroptosis, has been associated with COVID-19 pathogenesis. This review summarizes innate immune evasion strategies employed by SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV in brief and SARS-CoV-2 in more detail. In addition, we outline potential mechanisms of inflammasome activation and evasion and their impact on disease prognosis.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/3/530SARS-CoV-2innate immunityinterferoninflammasome |
| spellingShingle | Sameer-ul-Salam Mattoo Seong-Jun Kim Dae-Gyun Ahn Jinjong Myoung Escape and Over-Activation of Innate Immune Responses by SARS-CoV-2: Two Faces of a Coin Viruses SARS-CoV-2 innate immunity interferon inflammasome |
| title | Escape and Over-Activation of Innate Immune Responses by SARS-CoV-2: Two Faces of a Coin |
| title_full | Escape and Over-Activation of Innate Immune Responses by SARS-CoV-2: Two Faces of a Coin |
| title_fullStr | Escape and Over-Activation of Innate Immune Responses by SARS-CoV-2: Two Faces of a Coin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Escape and Over-Activation of Innate Immune Responses by SARS-CoV-2: Two Faces of a Coin |
| title_short | Escape and Over-Activation of Innate Immune Responses by SARS-CoV-2: Two Faces of a Coin |
| title_sort | escape and over activation of innate immune responses by sars cov 2 two faces of a coin |
| topic | SARS-CoV-2 innate immunity interferon inflammasome |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/14/3/530 |
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