Am I big boned? Bone length scaled reference data for HRpQCT measures of the radial and tibial diaphysis in White adults
Cross-sectional size of a long bone shaft influences its mechanical properties. We recently used high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HRpQCT) to create reference data for size measures of the radial and tibial diaphyses. However, data did not take into account the impact of b...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Bone Reports |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352187224000020 |
| _version_ | 1797247841611022336 |
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| author | Stuart J. Warden Robyn K. Fuchs Ziyue Liu Katelynn R. Toloday Rachel Surowiec Sharon M. Moe |
| author_facet | Stuart J. Warden Robyn K. Fuchs Ziyue Liu Katelynn R. Toloday Rachel Surowiec Sharon M. Moe |
| author_sort | Stuart J. Warden |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cross-sectional size of a long bone shaft influences its mechanical properties. We recently used high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HRpQCT) to create reference data for size measures of the radial and tibial diaphyses. However, data did not take into account the impact of bone length. Human bone exhibits relatively isometric allometry whereby cross-sectional area increases proportionally with bone length. The consequence is that taller than average individuals will generally have larger z-scores for bone size outcomes when length is not considered. The goal of the current work was to develop a means of determining whether an individual's cross-sectional bone size is suitable for their bone length. HRpQCT scans performed at 30 % of bone length proximal from the distal end of the radius and tibia were acquired from 1034 White females (age = 18.0 to 85.3 y) and 392 White males (age = 18.4 to 83.6 y). Positive relationships were confirmed between bone length and cross-sectional areas and estimated mechanical properties. Scaling factors were calculated and used to scale HRpQCT outcomes to bone length. Centile curves were generated for both raw and bone length scaled HRpQCT data using the LMS approach. Excel-based calculators are provided to facilitate calculation of z-scores for both raw and bone length scaled HRpQCT outcomes. The raw z-scores indicate the magnitude that an individual's HRpQCT outcomes differ relative to expected sex- and age-specific values, with the scaled z-scores also considering bone length. The latter enables it to be determined whether an individual or population of interest has normal sized bones for their length, which may have implications for injury risk. In addition to providing a means of expressing HRpQCT bone size outcomes relative to bone length, the current study also provides centile curves for outcomes previously without reference data, including tissue mineral density and moments of inertia. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T15:32:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-eb77cb534f2648f6a662c09a72aa7cec |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2352-1872 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T20:05:06Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Bone Reports |
| spelling | doaj.art-eb77cb534f2648f6a662c09a72aa7cec2024-03-24T06:59:11ZengElsevierBone Reports2352-18722024-03-0120101735Am I big boned? Bone length scaled reference data for HRpQCT measures of the radial and tibial diaphysis in White adultsStuart J. Warden0Robyn K. Fuchs1Ziyue Liu2Katelynn R. Toloday3Rachel Surowiec4Sharon M. Moe5Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, IN, United States of America; Corresponding author at: Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University, 1140 W. Michigan St., CF-120, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America.Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, IN, United States of America; College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, United States of AmericaIndiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, IN, United States of America; Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States of AmericaDepartment of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States of AmericaDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, United States of AmericaIndiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, IN, United States of America; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States of AmericaCross-sectional size of a long bone shaft influences its mechanical properties. We recently used high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HRpQCT) to create reference data for size measures of the radial and tibial diaphyses. However, data did not take into account the impact of bone length. Human bone exhibits relatively isometric allometry whereby cross-sectional area increases proportionally with bone length. The consequence is that taller than average individuals will generally have larger z-scores for bone size outcomes when length is not considered. The goal of the current work was to develop a means of determining whether an individual's cross-sectional bone size is suitable for their bone length. HRpQCT scans performed at 30 % of bone length proximal from the distal end of the radius and tibia were acquired from 1034 White females (age = 18.0 to 85.3 y) and 392 White males (age = 18.4 to 83.6 y). Positive relationships were confirmed between bone length and cross-sectional areas and estimated mechanical properties. Scaling factors were calculated and used to scale HRpQCT outcomes to bone length. Centile curves were generated for both raw and bone length scaled HRpQCT data using the LMS approach. Excel-based calculators are provided to facilitate calculation of z-scores for both raw and bone length scaled HRpQCT outcomes. The raw z-scores indicate the magnitude that an individual's HRpQCT outcomes differ relative to expected sex- and age-specific values, with the scaled z-scores also considering bone length. The latter enables it to be determined whether an individual or population of interest has normal sized bones for their length, which may have implications for injury risk. In addition to providing a means of expressing HRpQCT bone size outcomes relative to bone length, the current study also provides centile curves for outcomes previously without reference data, including tissue mineral density and moments of inertia.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352187224000020Bone allometryBone strengthCortical boneNormative dataOsteoporosis |
| spellingShingle | Stuart J. Warden Robyn K. Fuchs Ziyue Liu Katelynn R. Toloday Rachel Surowiec Sharon M. Moe Am I big boned? Bone length scaled reference data for HRpQCT measures of the radial and tibial diaphysis in White adults Bone Reports Bone allometry Bone strength Cortical bone Normative data Osteoporosis |
| title | Am I big boned? Bone length scaled reference data for HRpQCT measures of the radial and tibial diaphysis in White adults |
| title_full | Am I big boned? Bone length scaled reference data for HRpQCT measures of the radial and tibial diaphysis in White adults |
| title_fullStr | Am I big boned? Bone length scaled reference data for HRpQCT measures of the radial and tibial diaphysis in White adults |
| title_full_unstemmed | Am I big boned? Bone length scaled reference data for HRpQCT measures of the radial and tibial diaphysis in White adults |
| title_short | Am I big boned? Bone length scaled reference data for HRpQCT measures of the radial and tibial diaphysis in White adults |
| title_sort | am i big boned bone length scaled reference data for hrpqct measures of the radial and tibial diaphysis in white adults |
| topic | Bone allometry Bone strength Cortical bone Normative data Osteoporosis |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352187224000020 |
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