SBT (Composed of <i>Panax ginseng</i> and <i>Aconitum carmichaeli</i>) and Stigmasterol Enhances Nitric Oxide Production and Exerts Curative Properties as a Potential Anti-Oxidant and Immunity-Enhancing Agent
Immune dysregulation is a risk factor for several diseases, including infectious diseases. Immunostimulatory agents have been used for the treatment of immune dysregulation, but deleterious adverse effects have been reported. The present study aims to establish the anti-oxidant and immunity-enhancin...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/2/199 |
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| author | Na-Ra Han Kyeoung-Cheol Kim Ju-Sung Kim Hi-Joon Park Seong-Gyu Ko Phil-Dong Moon |
| author_facet | Na-Ra Han Kyeoung-Cheol Kim Ju-Sung Kim Hi-Joon Park Seong-Gyu Ko Phil-Dong Moon |
| author_sort | Na-Ra Han |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Immune dysregulation is a risk factor for several diseases, including infectious diseases. Immunostimulatory agents have been used for the treatment of immune dysregulation, but deleterious adverse effects have been reported. The present study aims to establish the anti-oxidant and immunity-enhancing effects of Sambu-Tang (SBT), composed of <i>Panax ginseng</i> and <i>Aconitum carmichaeli</i>, and stigmasterol (Stig), an active compound of SBT. Immune-related factors were analyzed in RAW264.7 macrophage cells, mouse primary splenocytes, and the serum and spleen of cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. Results showed that the production levels of nitric oxide (NO) and expression levels of inducible NO synthase and heme oxygenase-1 were increased following SBT or Stig treatment in RAW264.7 cells. SBT or Stig increased the production levels of G-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α and induced the activation of NF-κB in RAW264.7 cells. SBT or Stig promoted splenic lymphocyte proliferation and increased splenic NK cell cytotoxic activity. In addition, SBT or Stig enhanced the levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-2, IL-6, or TNF-α in the serum and spleen of the immunosuppressed mice. SBT or Stig increased the superoxide dismutase activity in the spleen. Collectively, SBT and Stig possess anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory activities, so they may be considered effective natural compounds for the treatment of various symptoms caused by immune dysregulation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:45:58Z |
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| id | doaj.art-ebba924fb3e042beae9afce5f965e3d4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:45:58Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
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| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-ebba924fb3e042beae9afce5f965e3d42023-11-23T18:29:57ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212022-01-0111219910.3390/antiox11020199SBT (Composed of <i>Panax ginseng</i> and <i>Aconitum carmichaeli</i>) and Stigmasterol Enhances Nitric Oxide Production and Exerts Curative Properties as a Potential Anti-Oxidant and Immunity-Enhancing AgentNa-Ra Han0Kyeoung-Cheol Kim1Ju-Sung Kim2Hi-Joon Park3Seong-Gyu Ko4Phil-Dong Moon5College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, KoreaMajors in Plant Resource and Environment, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, KoreaMajors in Plant Resource and Environment, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, KoreaDepartment of Anatomy & Information Sciences, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, KoreaKorean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, KoreaCenter for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, KoreaImmune dysregulation is a risk factor for several diseases, including infectious diseases. Immunostimulatory agents have been used for the treatment of immune dysregulation, but deleterious adverse effects have been reported. The present study aims to establish the anti-oxidant and immunity-enhancing effects of Sambu-Tang (SBT), composed of <i>Panax ginseng</i> and <i>Aconitum carmichaeli</i>, and stigmasterol (Stig), an active compound of SBT. Immune-related factors were analyzed in RAW264.7 macrophage cells, mouse primary splenocytes, and the serum and spleen of cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. Results showed that the production levels of nitric oxide (NO) and expression levels of inducible NO synthase and heme oxygenase-1 were increased following SBT or Stig treatment in RAW264.7 cells. SBT or Stig increased the production levels of G-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α and induced the activation of NF-κB in RAW264.7 cells. SBT or Stig promoted splenic lymphocyte proliferation and increased splenic NK cell cytotoxic activity. In addition, SBT or Stig enhanced the levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-2, IL-6, or TNF-α in the serum and spleen of the immunosuppressed mice. SBT or Stig increased the superoxide dismutase activity in the spleen. Collectively, SBT and Stig possess anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory activities, so they may be considered effective natural compounds for the treatment of various symptoms caused by immune dysregulation.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/2/199stigmasterolnitric oxideheme oxygenase-1NK cell cytotoxic activitycyclophosphamidesuperoxide dismutase |
| spellingShingle | Na-Ra Han Kyeoung-Cheol Kim Ju-Sung Kim Hi-Joon Park Seong-Gyu Ko Phil-Dong Moon SBT (Composed of <i>Panax ginseng</i> and <i>Aconitum carmichaeli</i>) and Stigmasterol Enhances Nitric Oxide Production and Exerts Curative Properties as a Potential Anti-Oxidant and Immunity-Enhancing Agent Antioxidants stigmasterol nitric oxide heme oxygenase-1 NK cell cytotoxic activity cyclophosphamide superoxide dismutase |
| title | SBT (Composed of <i>Panax ginseng</i> and <i>Aconitum carmichaeli</i>) and Stigmasterol Enhances Nitric Oxide Production and Exerts Curative Properties as a Potential Anti-Oxidant and Immunity-Enhancing Agent |
| title_full | SBT (Composed of <i>Panax ginseng</i> and <i>Aconitum carmichaeli</i>) and Stigmasterol Enhances Nitric Oxide Production and Exerts Curative Properties as a Potential Anti-Oxidant and Immunity-Enhancing Agent |
| title_fullStr | SBT (Composed of <i>Panax ginseng</i> and <i>Aconitum carmichaeli</i>) and Stigmasterol Enhances Nitric Oxide Production and Exerts Curative Properties as a Potential Anti-Oxidant and Immunity-Enhancing Agent |
| title_full_unstemmed | SBT (Composed of <i>Panax ginseng</i> and <i>Aconitum carmichaeli</i>) and Stigmasterol Enhances Nitric Oxide Production and Exerts Curative Properties as a Potential Anti-Oxidant and Immunity-Enhancing Agent |
| title_short | SBT (Composed of <i>Panax ginseng</i> and <i>Aconitum carmichaeli</i>) and Stigmasterol Enhances Nitric Oxide Production and Exerts Curative Properties as a Potential Anti-Oxidant and Immunity-Enhancing Agent |
| title_sort | sbt composed of i panax ginseng i and i aconitum carmichaeli i and stigmasterol enhances nitric oxide production and exerts curative properties as a potential anti oxidant and immunity enhancing agent |
| topic | stigmasterol nitric oxide heme oxygenase-1 NK cell cytotoxic activity cyclophosphamide superoxide dismutase |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/2/199 |
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