| Summary: | Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a life-threatening systemic infection caused by the fungal pathogen <i>Paracoccidioides brasiliensis</i> and related species. Whole-genome sequencing and stage-specific proteomic analysis of <i>Paracoccidioides</i> offer the opportunity to profile humoral immune responses against <i>P. lutzii</i> and <i>P. brasiliensis s. str.</i> infection using innovative screening approaches. Here, an immunoproteomic approach was used to identify PCM-associated antigens that elicit immune responses by combining 2-D electrophoresis of <i>P. lutzii</i> and <i>P. brasiliensis</i> proteomes, immunological detection using a gold-standard serum, and mass spectrometry analysis. A total of 16 and 25 highly immunoreactive proteins were identified in <i>P. lutzii</i> and <i>P. brasiliensis</i>, respectively, and 29 were shown to be the novel antigens for <i>Paracoccidioides</i> species, including seven uncharacterized proteins. Among the panel of proteins identified, most are involved in metabolic pathways, carbon metabolism, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in both immunoproteomes. Remarkably, six isoforms of the surface-associated enolase in the range of 54 kDa were identified as the major antigens in human PCM due to <i>P. lutzii.</i> These novel immunoproteomes of <i>Paracoccidioides</i> will be employed to develop a sensitive and affordable point-of-care diagnostic assay and an effective vaccine to identify infected hosts and prevent infection and development of human PCM. These findings provide a unique opportunity for the refinement of diagnostic tools of this important neglected systemic mycosis, which is usually associated with poverty.
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