LOADng-IoT: An Enhanced Routing Protocol for Internet of Things Applications over Low Power Networks
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging paradigm that proposes the connection of objects to exchange information in order to reach a common objective. In IoT networks, it is expected that the nodes will exchange data between each other and with external Internet services. However, due to deploym...
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Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2019-01-01
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Series: | Sensors |
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Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/1/150 |
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author | José Sobral Joel Rodrigues Ricardo Rabelo Kashif Saleem Vasco Furtado |
author_facet | José Sobral Joel Rodrigues Ricardo Rabelo Kashif Saleem Vasco Furtado |
author_sort | José Sobral |
collection | DOAJ |
description | The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging paradigm that proposes the connection of objects to exchange information in order to reach a common objective. In IoT networks, it is expected that the nodes will exchange data between each other and with external Internet services. However, due to deployment costs, not all the network devices are able to communicate with the Internet directly. Thus, other network nodes should use Internet-connected nodes as a gateway to forward messages to Internet services. Considering the fact that main routing protocols for low-power networks are not able to reach suitable performance in the displayed IoT environment, this work presents an enhancement to the Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol—Next Generation (LOADng) for IoT scenarios. The proposal, named LOADng-IoT, is based on three improvements that will allow the nodes to find Internet-connected nodes autonomously and dynamically, decreasing the control message overhead required for the route construction, and reducing the loss of data messages directed to the Internet. Based on the performed assessment study, which considered several number of nodes in dense, sparse, and mobility scenarios, the proposed approach is able to present significant results in metrics related to quality-of-service, reliability, and energy efficiency. |
first_indexed | 2024-04-13T06:57:24Z |
format | Article |
id | doaj.art-ebe4c2063b23413da2e6195a2ae74454 |
institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
issn | 1424-8220 |
language | English |
last_indexed | 2024-04-13T06:57:24Z |
publishDate | 2019-01-01 |
publisher | MDPI AG |
record_format | Article |
series | Sensors |
spelling | doaj.art-ebe4c2063b23413da2e6195a2ae744542022-12-22T02:57:13ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202019-01-0119115010.3390/s19010150s19010150LOADng-IoT: An Enhanced Routing Protocol for Internet of Things Applications over Low Power NetworksJosé Sobral0Joel Rodrigues1Ricardo Rabelo2Kashif Saleem3Vasco Furtado4Instituto de Telecomunicações, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, PortugalInstituto de Telecomunicações, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, PortugalFederal University of Piauí, Teresina, Teresina-PI 64049-550, BrazilCenter of Excellence in Information Assurance (CoEIA), King Saud University, Riyadh 11653, Saudi ArabiaUniversity of Fortaleza (Unifor), Fortaleza 60811-905, Fortaleza, BrazilThe Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging paradigm that proposes the connection of objects to exchange information in order to reach a common objective. In IoT networks, it is expected that the nodes will exchange data between each other and with external Internet services. However, due to deployment costs, not all the network devices are able to communicate with the Internet directly. Thus, other network nodes should use Internet-connected nodes as a gateway to forward messages to Internet services. Considering the fact that main routing protocols for low-power networks are not able to reach suitable performance in the displayed IoT environment, this work presents an enhancement to the Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol—Next Generation (LOADng) for IoT scenarios. The proposal, named LOADng-IoT, is based on three improvements that will allow the nodes to find Internet-connected nodes autonomously and dynamically, decreasing the control message overhead required for the route construction, and reducing the loss of data messages directed to the Internet. Based on the performed assessment study, which considered several number of nodes in dense, sparse, and mobility scenarios, the proposed approach is able to present significant results in metrics related to quality-of-service, reliability, and energy efficiency.http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/1/150internet of thingsLOADngLOADng-IoTlow power and lossy networksrouting protocol |
spellingShingle | José Sobral Joel Rodrigues Ricardo Rabelo Kashif Saleem Vasco Furtado LOADng-IoT: An Enhanced Routing Protocol for Internet of Things Applications over Low Power Networks Sensors internet of things LOADng LOADng-IoT low power and lossy networks routing protocol |
title | LOADng-IoT: An Enhanced Routing Protocol for Internet of Things Applications over Low Power Networks |
title_full | LOADng-IoT: An Enhanced Routing Protocol for Internet of Things Applications over Low Power Networks |
title_fullStr | LOADng-IoT: An Enhanced Routing Protocol for Internet of Things Applications over Low Power Networks |
title_full_unstemmed | LOADng-IoT: An Enhanced Routing Protocol for Internet of Things Applications over Low Power Networks |
title_short | LOADng-IoT: An Enhanced Routing Protocol for Internet of Things Applications over Low Power Networks |
title_sort | loadng iot an enhanced routing protocol for internet of things applications over low power networks |
topic | internet of things LOADng LOADng-IoT low power and lossy networks routing protocol |
url | http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/1/150 |
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