Antagonistic Effect of Dichloromethane on Oreochromis mossambicus and Immune Stimulation Activity of Aloe Vera
This study examined the aquatic toxicity of dichloromethane (DCM) on Oreochromis mossambicus. Along with aquatic toxicity studies, in silico research was also conducted to identify ways of improving the fish’s immune system, which may help to fight the oxidative stress and neurotoxic effects of DCM....
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-08-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Environmental Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.913065/full |
| _version_ | 1811183322326368256 |
|---|---|
| author | G. N. Nirmala Akshata Sharma Venkataraghavan Ragunathan |
| author_facet | G. N. Nirmala Akshata Sharma Venkataraghavan Ragunathan |
| author_sort | G. N. Nirmala |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study examined the aquatic toxicity of dichloromethane (DCM) on Oreochromis mossambicus. Along with aquatic toxicity studies, in silico research was also conducted to identify ways of improving the fish’s immune system, which may help to fight the oxidative stress and neurotoxic effects of DCM. The activities of glutathione S-transferase and acetylcholinesterase enzymes were studied in samples from the brains, muscles, livers, and gills of fish treated with different concentrations of DCM (730, 760, and 790 ppm). Histopathological and hematological studies were also completed at various concentrations of DCM. Molecular docking studies of the bioactive compounds of Aloe vera against interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were conducted, and drug properties were also analyzed. The lethal concentration (LC50) of DCM in the fish was found to be 760 ppm. The hematological study revealed that tissues exposed to 760 ppm of DCM had an elevated leukocyte count, high amounts of hemoglobin, and very low platelet counts. The liver histopathological study identified cellular alterations such as necrosis, and the gills showed lamellar fusion and congestion. The compound sitosterol showed strong binding energy (-12.398 kcal/mol) against IL-1β, followed by squalene (−12.157 kcal/mol). Pharmacokinetic properties were also analyzed, with satisfactory results. Thus, the hematological and histopathological studies reveal that DCM has a potential ability to induce oxidative stress and neurotoxic effects. Hence, the phytochemicals of Aloe vera can improve the immune system to fight against the neurotoxicity of DCM, which can be further validated by in vitro and in vivo studies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T09:44:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ec11c5ee74ff411aafdde3d7a1f36545 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-665X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T09:44:49Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Environmental Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-ec11c5ee74ff411aafdde3d7a1f365452022-12-22T04:31:06ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Environmental Science2296-665X2022-08-011010.3389/fenvs.2022.913065913065Antagonistic Effect of Dichloromethane on Oreochromis mossambicus and Immune Stimulation Activity of Aloe VeraG. N. Nirmala0Akshata Sharma1Venkataraghavan Ragunathan2Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Chennai, IndiaDepartment of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Chennai, IndiaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Alagappa College of Technology, Anna University, Chennai, IndiaThis study examined the aquatic toxicity of dichloromethane (DCM) on Oreochromis mossambicus. Along with aquatic toxicity studies, in silico research was also conducted to identify ways of improving the fish’s immune system, which may help to fight the oxidative stress and neurotoxic effects of DCM. The activities of glutathione S-transferase and acetylcholinesterase enzymes were studied in samples from the brains, muscles, livers, and gills of fish treated with different concentrations of DCM (730, 760, and 790 ppm). Histopathological and hematological studies were also completed at various concentrations of DCM. Molecular docking studies of the bioactive compounds of Aloe vera against interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were conducted, and drug properties were also analyzed. The lethal concentration (LC50) of DCM in the fish was found to be 760 ppm. The hematological study revealed that tissues exposed to 760 ppm of DCM had an elevated leukocyte count, high amounts of hemoglobin, and very low platelet counts. The liver histopathological study identified cellular alterations such as necrosis, and the gills showed lamellar fusion and congestion. The compound sitosterol showed strong binding energy (-12.398 kcal/mol) against IL-1β, followed by squalene (−12.157 kcal/mol). Pharmacokinetic properties were also analyzed, with satisfactory results. Thus, the hematological and histopathological studies reveal that DCM has a potential ability to induce oxidative stress and neurotoxic effects. Hence, the phytochemicals of Aloe vera can improve the immune system to fight against the neurotoxicity of DCM, which can be further validated by in vitro and in vivo studies.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.913065/fulldichloromethanehistological examinationhematologicalmolecular docking studiesoxidative stressneurotoxic |
| spellingShingle | G. N. Nirmala Akshata Sharma Venkataraghavan Ragunathan Antagonistic Effect of Dichloromethane on Oreochromis mossambicus and Immune Stimulation Activity of Aloe Vera Frontiers in Environmental Science dichloromethane histological examination hematological molecular docking studies oxidative stress neurotoxic |
| title | Antagonistic Effect of Dichloromethane on Oreochromis mossambicus and Immune Stimulation Activity of Aloe Vera |
| title_full | Antagonistic Effect of Dichloromethane on Oreochromis mossambicus and Immune Stimulation Activity of Aloe Vera |
| title_fullStr | Antagonistic Effect of Dichloromethane on Oreochromis mossambicus and Immune Stimulation Activity of Aloe Vera |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antagonistic Effect of Dichloromethane on Oreochromis mossambicus and Immune Stimulation Activity of Aloe Vera |
| title_short | Antagonistic Effect of Dichloromethane on Oreochromis mossambicus and Immune Stimulation Activity of Aloe Vera |
| title_sort | antagonistic effect of dichloromethane on oreochromis mossambicus and immune stimulation activity of aloe vera |
| topic | dichloromethane histological examination hematological molecular docking studies oxidative stress neurotoxic |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.913065/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gnnirmala antagonisticeffectofdichloromethaneonoreochromismossambicusandimmunestimulationactivityofaloevera AT akshatasharma antagonisticeffectofdichloromethaneonoreochromismossambicusandimmunestimulationactivityofaloevera AT venkataraghavanragunathan antagonisticeffectofdichloromethaneonoreochromismossambicusandimmunestimulationactivityofaloevera |