Fully Bio-Based Elastomer Nanocomposites Comprising Polyfarnesene Reinforced with Plasma-Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals
This article proposes a process to prepare fully bio-based elastomer nanocomposites based on polyfarnesene and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). To improve the compatibility of cellulose with the hydrophobic matrix of polyfarnesene, the surface of CNC was modified via plasma-induced polymerization, at d...
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| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/16/2810 |
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| author | Ilse Magaña Dimitrios Georgouvelas Rishab Handa María Guadalupe Neira Velázquez Héctor Ricardo López González Francisco Javier Enríquez Medrano Ramón Díaz de León Luis Valencia |
| author_facet | Ilse Magaña Dimitrios Georgouvelas Rishab Handa María Guadalupe Neira Velázquez Héctor Ricardo López González Francisco Javier Enríquez Medrano Ramón Díaz de León Luis Valencia |
| author_sort | Ilse Magaña |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This article proposes a process to prepare fully bio-based elastomer nanocomposites based on polyfarnesene and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). To improve the compatibility of cellulose with the hydrophobic matrix of polyfarnesene, the surface of CNC was modified via plasma-induced polymerization, at different powers of the plasma generator, using a <i>trans</i>-β-farnesene monomer in the plasma reactor. The characteristic features of plasma surface-modified CNC have been corroborated by spectroscopic (XPS) and microscopic (AFM) analyses. Moreover, the cellulose nanocrystals modified at 150 W have been selected to reinforce polyfarnesene-based nanocomposites, synthesized via an in-situ coordination polymerization using a neodymium-based catalytic system. The effect of the different loading content of nanocrystals on the polymerization behavior, as well as on the rheological aspects, was evaluated. The increase in the storage modulus with the incorporation of superficially modified nanocrystals was demonstrated by rheological measurements and these materials exhibited better properties than those containing pristine cellulose nanocrystals. Moreover, we elucidate that the viscoelastic moduli of the elastomer nanocomposites are aligned with power–law model systems with characteristic relaxation time scales similar to commercial nanocomposites, also implying tunable mechanical properties. In this foreground, our findings have important implications in the development of fully bio-based nanocomposites in close competition with the commercial stock, thereby producing alternatives in favor of sustainable materials. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:26:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ec2dc4008d3845b9a387877e84d6b6c3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:26:52Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-ec2dc4008d3845b9a387877e84d6b6c32023-11-22T09:24:48ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602021-08-011316281010.3390/polym13162810Fully Bio-Based Elastomer Nanocomposites Comprising Polyfarnesene Reinforced with Plasma-Modified Cellulose NanocrystalsIlse Magaña0Dimitrios Georgouvelas1Rishab Handa2María Guadalupe Neira Velázquez3Héctor Ricardo López González4Francisco Javier Enríquez Medrano5Ramón Díaz de León6Luis Valencia7Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, MexicoDivision of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Frescativägen 8, 10691 Stockholm, SwedenExperimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, GermanyResearch Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, MexicoResearch Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, MexicoResearch Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, MexicoResearch Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, MexicoBiofiber Tech Sweden AB, Birgen Jarksgatan 57 C, 11356 Stockholm, SwedenThis article proposes a process to prepare fully bio-based elastomer nanocomposites based on polyfarnesene and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). To improve the compatibility of cellulose with the hydrophobic matrix of polyfarnesene, the surface of CNC was modified via plasma-induced polymerization, at different powers of the plasma generator, using a <i>trans</i>-β-farnesene monomer in the plasma reactor. The characteristic features of plasma surface-modified CNC have been corroborated by spectroscopic (XPS) and microscopic (AFM) analyses. Moreover, the cellulose nanocrystals modified at 150 W have been selected to reinforce polyfarnesene-based nanocomposites, synthesized via an in-situ coordination polymerization using a neodymium-based catalytic system. The effect of the different loading content of nanocrystals on the polymerization behavior, as well as on the rheological aspects, was evaluated. The increase in the storage modulus with the incorporation of superficially modified nanocrystals was demonstrated by rheological measurements and these materials exhibited better properties than those containing pristine cellulose nanocrystals. Moreover, we elucidate that the viscoelastic moduli of the elastomer nanocomposites are aligned with power–law model systems with characteristic relaxation time scales similar to commercial nanocomposites, also implying tunable mechanical properties. In this foreground, our findings have important implications in the development of fully bio-based nanocomposites in close competition with the commercial stock, thereby producing alternatives in favor of sustainable materials.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/16/2810cellulose nanocrystalsbio-basedelastomer nanocomposites<i>trans</i>-β-farneseneplasma-induced polymerizationsurface modification |
| spellingShingle | Ilse Magaña Dimitrios Georgouvelas Rishab Handa María Guadalupe Neira Velázquez Héctor Ricardo López González Francisco Javier Enríquez Medrano Ramón Díaz de León Luis Valencia Fully Bio-Based Elastomer Nanocomposites Comprising Polyfarnesene Reinforced with Plasma-Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals Polymers cellulose nanocrystals bio-based elastomer nanocomposites <i>trans</i>-β-farnesene plasma-induced polymerization surface modification |
| title | Fully Bio-Based Elastomer Nanocomposites Comprising Polyfarnesene Reinforced with Plasma-Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals |
| title_full | Fully Bio-Based Elastomer Nanocomposites Comprising Polyfarnesene Reinforced with Plasma-Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals |
| title_fullStr | Fully Bio-Based Elastomer Nanocomposites Comprising Polyfarnesene Reinforced with Plasma-Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fully Bio-Based Elastomer Nanocomposites Comprising Polyfarnesene Reinforced with Plasma-Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals |
| title_short | Fully Bio-Based Elastomer Nanocomposites Comprising Polyfarnesene Reinforced with Plasma-Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals |
| title_sort | fully bio based elastomer nanocomposites comprising polyfarnesene reinforced with plasma modified cellulose nanocrystals |
| topic | cellulose nanocrystals bio-based elastomer nanocomposites <i>trans</i>-β-farnesene plasma-induced polymerization surface modification |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/16/2810 |
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