Jujube Fruit Metabolomic Profiles Reveal Cultivar Differences and Function as Cultivar Fingerprints
Jujube is a nutritious fruit, and is high in vitamin C, fiber, phenolics, flavonoids, nucleotides, and organic acids. It is both an important food and a source of traditional medicine. Metabolomics can reveal metabolic differences between <i>Ziziphus jujuba</i> fruits from different juju...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/12/2313 |
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| author | Shengrui Yao Dikshya Sapkota Jordan A. Hungerford Roland D. Kersten |
| author_facet | Shengrui Yao Dikshya Sapkota Jordan A. Hungerford Roland D. Kersten |
| author_sort | Shengrui Yao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Jujube is a nutritious fruit, and is high in vitamin C, fiber, phenolics, flavonoids, nucleotides, and organic acids. It is both an important food and a source of traditional medicine. Metabolomics can reveal metabolic differences between <i>Ziziphus jujuba</i> fruits from different jujube cultivars and growth sites. In the fall of 2022, mature fresh fruit of eleven cultivars from replicated trials at three sites in New Mexico—Leyendecker, Los Lunas, and Alcalde—were sampled from September to October for an untargeted metabolomics study. The 11 cultivars were Alcalde 1, Dongzao, Jinsi (JS), Jinkuiwang (JKW), Jixin, Kongfucui (KFC), Lang, Li, Maya, Shanxi Li, and Zaocuiwang (ZCW). Based on the LC–MS/MS analysis, there were 1315 compounds detected with amino acids and derivatives (20.15%) and flavonoids (15.44%) as dominant categories. The results reveal that the cultivar was the dominant factor in metabolite profiles, while the location was secondary. A pairwise comparison of cultivar metabolomes revealed that two pairs had fewer differential metabolites (i.e., Li/Shanxi Li and JS/JKW) than all the other pairs, highlighting that pairwise metabolic comparison can be applied for cultivar fingerprinting. Differential metabolite analysis also showed that half of drying cultivars have up-regulated lipid metabolites compared to fresh or multi-purpose fruit cultivars and that specialized metabolites vary significantly between cultivars from 35.3% (Dongzao/ZCW) to 56.7% (Jixin/KFC). An exemplary analyte matching sedative cyclopeptide alkaloid sanjoinine A was only detected in the Jinsi and Jinkuiwang cultivars. Overall, our metabolic analysis of the jujube cultivar’s mature fruits provides the largest resource of jujube fruit metabolomes to date and will inform cultivar selection for nutritional and medicinal research and for fruit metabolic breeding. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-ec3914bc82884388b70c7e02082b39442023-11-18T12:10:23ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472023-06-011212231310.3390/plants12122313Jujube Fruit Metabolomic Profiles Reveal Cultivar Differences and Function as Cultivar FingerprintsShengrui Yao0Dikshya Sapkota1Jordan A. Hungerford2Roland D. Kersten3Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USADepartment of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USADepartment of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USADepartment of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USAJujube is a nutritious fruit, and is high in vitamin C, fiber, phenolics, flavonoids, nucleotides, and organic acids. It is both an important food and a source of traditional medicine. Metabolomics can reveal metabolic differences between <i>Ziziphus jujuba</i> fruits from different jujube cultivars and growth sites. In the fall of 2022, mature fresh fruit of eleven cultivars from replicated trials at three sites in New Mexico—Leyendecker, Los Lunas, and Alcalde—were sampled from September to October for an untargeted metabolomics study. The 11 cultivars were Alcalde 1, Dongzao, Jinsi (JS), Jinkuiwang (JKW), Jixin, Kongfucui (KFC), Lang, Li, Maya, Shanxi Li, and Zaocuiwang (ZCW). Based on the LC–MS/MS analysis, there were 1315 compounds detected with amino acids and derivatives (20.15%) and flavonoids (15.44%) as dominant categories. The results reveal that the cultivar was the dominant factor in metabolite profiles, while the location was secondary. A pairwise comparison of cultivar metabolomes revealed that two pairs had fewer differential metabolites (i.e., Li/Shanxi Li and JS/JKW) than all the other pairs, highlighting that pairwise metabolic comparison can be applied for cultivar fingerprinting. Differential metabolite analysis also showed that half of drying cultivars have up-regulated lipid metabolites compared to fresh or multi-purpose fruit cultivars and that specialized metabolites vary significantly between cultivars from 35.3% (Dongzao/ZCW) to 56.7% (Jixin/KFC). An exemplary analyte matching sedative cyclopeptide alkaloid sanjoinine A was only detected in the Jinsi and Jinkuiwang cultivars. Overall, our metabolic analysis of the jujube cultivar’s mature fruits provides the largest resource of jujube fruit metabolomes to date and will inform cultivar selection for nutritional and medicinal research and for fruit metabolic breeding.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/12/2313<i>Ziziphus jujuba</i> Mill.jujubefruit metabolomicscultivarslocation effectfingerprint |
| spellingShingle | Shengrui Yao Dikshya Sapkota Jordan A. Hungerford Roland D. Kersten Jujube Fruit Metabolomic Profiles Reveal Cultivar Differences and Function as Cultivar Fingerprints Plants <i>Ziziphus jujuba</i> Mill. jujube fruit metabolomics cultivars location effect fingerprint |
| title | Jujube Fruit Metabolomic Profiles Reveal Cultivar Differences and Function as Cultivar Fingerprints |
| title_full | Jujube Fruit Metabolomic Profiles Reveal Cultivar Differences and Function as Cultivar Fingerprints |
| title_fullStr | Jujube Fruit Metabolomic Profiles Reveal Cultivar Differences and Function as Cultivar Fingerprints |
| title_full_unstemmed | Jujube Fruit Metabolomic Profiles Reveal Cultivar Differences and Function as Cultivar Fingerprints |
| title_short | Jujube Fruit Metabolomic Profiles Reveal Cultivar Differences and Function as Cultivar Fingerprints |
| title_sort | jujube fruit metabolomic profiles reveal cultivar differences and function as cultivar fingerprints |
| topic | <i>Ziziphus jujuba</i> Mill. jujube fruit metabolomics cultivars location effect fingerprint |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/12/2313 |
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