| Summary: | The main aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of breeding lines derived from bread wheat and spelt (bread wheat cvs. Zebra, Torka and Kontesa; spelt breeding lines S10–S14) in terms of their resistance to infections caused by <i>Blumeria graminis</i> f. sp. <i>tritici</i> and <i>Puccinia triticina</i> Eriks. The genomes of all analyzed lines harbored the markers for <i>Pm2a</i>, <i>Pm4b</i> and <i>Pm6</i>a alleles, which confer resistance to the infection caused by <i>B. graminis</i> f. sp. <i>tritici</i>. The markers for <i>Pm4c</i> and <i>Pm4a</i> alleles were also identified in many objects. The high number of <i>Pm</i> markers was noted in the crosses Zebra × S11 and Zebra × S12 whose genomes harbored the markers for <i>Pm2a</i>, <i>Pm3d</i>, <i>Pm4a-4c</i> and <i>Pm6</i>. Most of the studied lines harbored the marker linked to the <i>Lr10</i> gene, which encodes resistance to the infection caused by <i>P</i>. <i>triticina</i> in wheat. The analysis of the presence of markers linked to the resistance to infections caused by <i>B. graminis</i> f. sp. <i>tritici</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>triticina</i> demonstrated that Zebra × S12 was the most promising breeding line with the highest number of markers for genes/alleles encoding resistance to powdery mildew and leaf rust. This breeding line was also highly resistant to both pathogens under field conditions.
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