Frailty and the Interactions between Skeletal Muscle, Bone, and Adipose Tissue-Impact on Cardiovascular Disease and Possible Therapeutic Measures
Frailty is a global health problem that impacts clinical practice. It is complex, having a physical and a cognitive component, and it is the result of many contributing factors. Frail patients have oxidative stress and elevated proinflammatory cytokines. Frailty impairs many systems and results in a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/5/4534 |
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| author | María Elena Soto Israel Pérez-Torres María Esther Rubio-Ruiz Agustina Cano-Martínez Linaloe Manzano-Pech Verónica Guarner-Lans |
| author_facet | María Elena Soto Israel Pérez-Torres María Esther Rubio-Ruiz Agustina Cano-Martínez Linaloe Manzano-Pech Verónica Guarner-Lans |
| author_sort | María Elena Soto |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Frailty is a global health problem that impacts clinical practice. It is complex, having a physical and a cognitive component, and it is the result of many contributing factors. Frail patients have oxidative stress and elevated proinflammatory cytokines. Frailty impairs many systems and results in a reduced physiological reserve and increased vulnerability to stress. It is related to aging and to cardiovascular diseases (CVD). There are few studies on the genetic factors of frailty, but epigenetic clocks determine age and frailty. In contrast, there is genetic overlap of frailty with cardiovascular disease and its risk factors. Frailty is not yet considered a risk factor for CVD. It is accompanied by a loss and/or poor functioning of muscle mass, which depends on fiber protein content, resulting from the balance between protein breakdown and synthesis. Bone fragility is also implied, and there is a crosstalk between adipocytes, myocytes, and bone. The identification and assessment of frailty is difficult, without there being a standard instrument to identify or treat it. Measures to prevent its progression include exercises, as well as supplementing the diet with vitamin D and K, calcium, and testosterone. In conclusion, more research is needed to better understand frailty and to avoid complications in CVD. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:23:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ec6a6d9235254e14b0c79f9c4b148261 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:23:06Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-ec6a6d9235254e14b0c79f9c4b1482612023-11-17T07:49:52ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-02-01245453410.3390/ijms24054534Frailty and the Interactions between Skeletal Muscle, Bone, and Adipose Tissue-Impact on Cardiovascular Disease and Possible Therapeutic MeasuresMaría Elena Soto0Israel Pérez-Torres1María Esther Rubio-Ruiz2Agustina Cano-Martínez3Linaloe Manzano-Pech4Verónica Guarner-Lans5Department of Endocrinology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, MexicoDepartment of Cardiovascular Biomedicine, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, MexicoDepartment of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, MexicoDepartment of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, MexicoDepartment of Cardiovascular Biomedicine, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, MexicoDepartment of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, MexicoFrailty is a global health problem that impacts clinical practice. It is complex, having a physical and a cognitive component, and it is the result of many contributing factors. Frail patients have oxidative stress and elevated proinflammatory cytokines. Frailty impairs many systems and results in a reduced physiological reserve and increased vulnerability to stress. It is related to aging and to cardiovascular diseases (CVD). There are few studies on the genetic factors of frailty, but epigenetic clocks determine age and frailty. In contrast, there is genetic overlap of frailty with cardiovascular disease and its risk factors. Frailty is not yet considered a risk factor for CVD. It is accompanied by a loss and/or poor functioning of muscle mass, which depends on fiber protein content, resulting from the balance between protein breakdown and synthesis. Bone fragility is also implied, and there is a crosstalk between adipocytes, myocytes, and bone. The identification and assessment of frailty is difficult, without there being a standard instrument to identify or treat it. Measures to prevent its progression include exercises, as well as supplementing the diet with vitamin D and K, calcium, and testosterone. In conclusion, more research is needed to better understand frailty and to avoid complications in CVD.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/5/4534frailtyskeletal muscleboneadipose tissuecardiovascular diseases |
| spellingShingle | María Elena Soto Israel Pérez-Torres María Esther Rubio-Ruiz Agustina Cano-Martínez Linaloe Manzano-Pech Verónica Guarner-Lans Frailty and the Interactions between Skeletal Muscle, Bone, and Adipose Tissue-Impact on Cardiovascular Disease and Possible Therapeutic Measures International Journal of Molecular Sciences frailty skeletal muscle bone adipose tissue cardiovascular diseases |
| title | Frailty and the Interactions between Skeletal Muscle, Bone, and Adipose Tissue-Impact on Cardiovascular Disease and Possible Therapeutic Measures |
| title_full | Frailty and the Interactions between Skeletal Muscle, Bone, and Adipose Tissue-Impact on Cardiovascular Disease and Possible Therapeutic Measures |
| title_fullStr | Frailty and the Interactions between Skeletal Muscle, Bone, and Adipose Tissue-Impact on Cardiovascular Disease and Possible Therapeutic Measures |
| title_full_unstemmed | Frailty and the Interactions between Skeletal Muscle, Bone, and Adipose Tissue-Impact on Cardiovascular Disease and Possible Therapeutic Measures |
| title_short | Frailty and the Interactions between Skeletal Muscle, Bone, and Adipose Tissue-Impact on Cardiovascular Disease and Possible Therapeutic Measures |
| title_sort | frailty and the interactions between skeletal muscle bone and adipose tissue impact on cardiovascular disease and possible therapeutic measures |
| topic | frailty skeletal muscle bone adipose tissue cardiovascular diseases |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/5/4534 |
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