An Analysis of the Performance and Comfort Properties of Fire-Protective Material by Using Inherently Fire-Retardant Fibers and Knitting Structures
This paper investigates the development of fabric materials using several blends of inherently fire-resistant (FR) fibers and various knitted structures. The samples are evaluated with respect to their performance and comfort-related properties. Inherently fire-resistant fibers, e.g., Nomex, Protex,...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-11-01
|
| Series: | Materials |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/23/7347 |
| _version_ | 1797399941092474880 |
|---|---|
| author | Awais Ahmad Khan Hafsa Jamshaid Rajesh Kumar Mishra Vijay Chandan Viktor Kolář Petr Jirků Miroslav Müller Shabnam Nazari Tatiana Alexiou Ivanova Tanveer Hussain |
| author_facet | Awais Ahmad Khan Hafsa Jamshaid Rajesh Kumar Mishra Vijay Chandan Viktor Kolář Petr Jirků Miroslav Müller Shabnam Nazari Tatiana Alexiou Ivanova Tanveer Hussain |
| author_sort | Awais Ahmad Khan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper investigates the development of fabric materials using several blends of inherently fire-resistant (FR) fibers and various knitted structures. The samples are evaluated with respect to their performance and comfort-related properties. Inherently fire-resistant fibers, e.g., Nomex, Protex, carbon and FR viscose, were used to develop different structures of knitted fabrics. Cross-miss, cross-relief, and vertical tubular structures were knitted by using optimum fiber blend proportions and combinations of stitches. Several important aspects of the fabric samples were investigated, e.g., their physical, mechanical and serviceability performance. Thermo-physiological and tactile/touch-related comfort properties were evaluated in addition to flame resistance performance. An analysis of mechanical performance indicated that the knitted structure has a significant influence on the tensile strength, bursting strength and pilling resistance. The cross-relief structure proved to be the strongest followed by the cross-miss and vertical tubular structures. The FR station suits made from 70:30 Protex/Nomex exhibited the best combination of tensile and bursting strength; therefore, this material is recommended for making a stable and durable station suit. Interestingly, it was also concluded from the experimental study that knitted samples with a cross-relief structure exhibit the best fire-resistance performance. Fiber blends of 70:30 Protex/Nomex and 70:30 Nomex/carbon were found to be optimum in terms of overall performance. The best flame resistance was achieved with Nomex:carbon fiber blends. These results were confirmed with vertical flammability tests, TGA, DTGA and cone calorimetry analysis. The optimization of blend composition as well as knitting structure/architecture is a crucial finding toward designing the best FR station suit in terms of mechanical, dimensional, thermal, thermo-physiological and flame resistance performance. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T01:48:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ec6c1f0cee2b4ceaaf64d641225aa351 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T01:48:25Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-ec6c1f0cee2b4ceaaf64d641225aa3512023-12-08T15:20:50ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442023-11-011623734710.3390/ma16237347An Analysis of the Performance and Comfort Properties of Fire-Protective Material by Using Inherently Fire-Retardant Fibers and Knitting StructuresAwais Ahmad Khan0Hafsa Jamshaid1Rajesh Kumar Mishra2Vijay Chandan3Viktor Kolář4Petr Jirků5Miroslav Müller6Shabnam Nazari7Tatiana Alexiou Ivanova8Tanveer Hussain9School of Engineering and Technology, National Textile University, Sheikhupura Road, Faisalabad 37610, PakistanSchool of Engineering and Technology, National Textile University, Sheikhupura Road, Faisalabad 37610, PakistanDepartment of Material Science and Manufacturing Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Material Science and Manufacturing Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Material Science and Manufacturing Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Material Science and Manufacturing Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Material Science and Manufacturing Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Sustainable Technologies, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Prague, Czech RepublicDepartment of Sustainable Technologies, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Suchdol, 165 00 Prague, Czech RepublicSchool of Engineering and Technology, National Textile University, Sheikhupura Road, Faisalabad 37610, PakistanThis paper investigates the development of fabric materials using several blends of inherently fire-resistant (FR) fibers and various knitted structures. The samples are evaluated with respect to their performance and comfort-related properties. Inherently fire-resistant fibers, e.g., Nomex, Protex, carbon and FR viscose, were used to develop different structures of knitted fabrics. Cross-miss, cross-relief, and vertical tubular structures were knitted by using optimum fiber blend proportions and combinations of stitches. Several important aspects of the fabric samples were investigated, e.g., their physical, mechanical and serviceability performance. Thermo-physiological and tactile/touch-related comfort properties were evaluated in addition to flame resistance performance. An analysis of mechanical performance indicated that the knitted structure has a significant influence on the tensile strength, bursting strength and pilling resistance. The cross-relief structure proved to be the strongest followed by the cross-miss and vertical tubular structures. The FR station suits made from 70:30 Protex/Nomex exhibited the best combination of tensile and bursting strength; therefore, this material is recommended for making a stable and durable station suit. Interestingly, it was also concluded from the experimental study that knitted samples with a cross-relief structure exhibit the best fire-resistance performance. Fiber blends of 70:30 Protex/Nomex and 70:30 Nomex/carbon were found to be optimum in terms of overall performance. The best flame resistance was achieved with Nomex:carbon fiber blends. These results were confirmed with vertical flammability tests, TGA, DTGA and cone calorimetry analysis. The optimization of blend composition as well as knitting structure/architecture is a crucial finding toward designing the best FR station suit in terms of mechanical, dimensional, thermal, thermo-physiological and flame resistance performance.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/23/7347fire-resistant (FR) materialknitted structureinherently fire-retardant fiberstation suitsmechanical performancecomfort properties |
| spellingShingle | Awais Ahmad Khan Hafsa Jamshaid Rajesh Kumar Mishra Vijay Chandan Viktor Kolář Petr Jirků Miroslav Müller Shabnam Nazari Tatiana Alexiou Ivanova Tanveer Hussain An Analysis of the Performance and Comfort Properties of Fire-Protective Material by Using Inherently Fire-Retardant Fibers and Knitting Structures Materials fire-resistant (FR) material knitted structure inherently fire-retardant fiber station suits mechanical performance comfort properties |
| title | An Analysis of the Performance and Comfort Properties of Fire-Protective Material by Using Inherently Fire-Retardant Fibers and Knitting Structures |
| title_full | An Analysis of the Performance and Comfort Properties of Fire-Protective Material by Using Inherently Fire-Retardant Fibers and Knitting Structures |
| title_fullStr | An Analysis of the Performance and Comfort Properties of Fire-Protective Material by Using Inherently Fire-Retardant Fibers and Knitting Structures |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Analysis of the Performance and Comfort Properties of Fire-Protective Material by Using Inherently Fire-Retardant Fibers and Knitting Structures |
| title_short | An Analysis of the Performance and Comfort Properties of Fire-Protective Material by Using Inherently Fire-Retardant Fibers and Knitting Structures |
| title_sort | analysis of the performance and comfort properties of fire protective material by using inherently fire retardant fibers and knitting structures |
| topic | fire-resistant (FR) material knitted structure inherently fire-retardant fiber station suits mechanical performance comfort properties |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/23/7347 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT awaisahmadkhan ananalysisoftheperformanceandcomfortpropertiesoffireprotectivematerialbyusinginherentlyfireretardantfibersandknittingstructures AT hafsajamshaid ananalysisoftheperformanceandcomfortpropertiesoffireprotectivematerialbyusinginherentlyfireretardantfibersandknittingstructures AT rajeshkumarmishra ananalysisoftheperformanceandcomfortpropertiesoffireprotectivematerialbyusinginherentlyfireretardantfibersandknittingstructures AT vijaychandan ananalysisoftheperformanceandcomfortpropertiesoffireprotectivematerialbyusinginherentlyfireretardantfibersandknittingstructures AT viktorkolar ananalysisoftheperformanceandcomfortpropertiesoffireprotectivematerialbyusinginherentlyfireretardantfibersandknittingstructures AT petrjirku ananalysisoftheperformanceandcomfortpropertiesoffireprotectivematerialbyusinginherentlyfireretardantfibersandknittingstructures AT miroslavmuller ananalysisoftheperformanceandcomfortpropertiesoffireprotectivematerialbyusinginherentlyfireretardantfibersandknittingstructures AT shabnamnazari ananalysisoftheperformanceandcomfortpropertiesoffireprotectivematerialbyusinginherentlyfireretardantfibersandknittingstructures AT tatianaalexiouivanova ananalysisoftheperformanceandcomfortpropertiesoffireprotectivematerialbyusinginherentlyfireretardantfibersandknittingstructures AT tanveerhussain ananalysisoftheperformanceandcomfortpropertiesoffireprotectivematerialbyusinginherentlyfireretardantfibersandknittingstructures AT awaisahmadkhan analysisoftheperformanceandcomfortpropertiesoffireprotectivematerialbyusinginherentlyfireretardantfibersandknittingstructures AT hafsajamshaid analysisoftheperformanceandcomfortpropertiesoffireprotectivematerialbyusinginherentlyfireretardantfibersandknittingstructures AT rajeshkumarmishra analysisoftheperformanceandcomfortpropertiesoffireprotectivematerialbyusinginherentlyfireretardantfibersandknittingstructures AT vijaychandan analysisoftheperformanceandcomfortpropertiesoffireprotectivematerialbyusinginherentlyfireretardantfibersandknittingstructures AT viktorkolar analysisoftheperformanceandcomfortpropertiesoffireprotectivematerialbyusinginherentlyfireretardantfibersandknittingstructures AT petrjirku analysisoftheperformanceandcomfortpropertiesoffireprotectivematerialbyusinginherentlyfireretardantfibersandknittingstructures AT miroslavmuller analysisoftheperformanceandcomfortpropertiesoffireprotectivematerialbyusinginherentlyfireretardantfibersandknittingstructures AT shabnamnazari analysisoftheperformanceandcomfortpropertiesoffireprotectivematerialbyusinginherentlyfireretardantfibersandknittingstructures AT tatianaalexiouivanova analysisoftheperformanceandcomfortpropertiesoffireprotectivematerialbyusinginherentlyfireretardantfibersandknittingstructures AT tanveerhussain analysisoftheperformanceandcomfortpropertiesoffireprotectivematerialbyusinginherentlyfireretardantfibersandknittingstructures |