Soil Characteristics in Private Gardens of Different City Neighborhoods: A Case Study of Taibe, Israel
City green areas including private gardens, provide ecological, sociological, cultural, health, and engineering advantages that motivate the urban system. Manmade impacts on the development of urban soils are of greater importance than natural ones. Soil properties were studied in an Arab city—Taibe...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Geosciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/12/5/217 |
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| author | Pariente Sarah Helena Zhevelev Shatha Haj-Yehia Eyal Sachs Anatoly G. Fragin |
| author_facet | Pariente Sarah Helena Zhevelev Shatha Haj-Yehia Eyal Sachs Anatoly G. Fragin |
| author_sort | Pariente Sarah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | City green areas including private gardens, provide ecological, sociological, cultural, health, and engineering advantages that motivate the urban system. Manmade impacts on the development of urban soils are of greater importance than natural ones. Soil properties were studied in an Arab city—Taibe—in Israel. Two neighborhoods in the city, which differed in time of establishment, were selected: An older residential neighborhood constructed more than 70 years ago, and a newer one built 10 years ago. In each neighborhood, 15 private gardens were randomly chosen. In total, the study was conducted in 30 gardens. In each garden, soil samples were collected from three depths: 0–2, 2–10, and 10–30 cm, respectively. In each sample, organic matter, hygroscopic moisture, calcium carbonate, bulk density, field water content, lead, copper and zinc contents, and texture were determined. The soil of the older neighborhood expressed greater values of soil properties and higher profile differentiation than the newer one. The heavy metals in the soil of the private gardens of both neighborhoods are not present in excess nor are they toxic. Under the prevailing environmental conditions, the soil of the newer neighborhood will become like that of the older one in the future unless a new soil interruption occurs. The calcium carbonate and heavy metals contents in the soil can be used as indicators of soil maturity in different areas of the city having similar environmental conditions. In addition, the gradients of these properties along profiles can be helpful in restoring the history of human activity, which prevailed in the area. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:49:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ecb3c50846b542589383e10afcbf2d1e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3263 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:49:47Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Geosciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-ecb3c50846b542589383e10afcbf2d1e2023-11-23T11:12:27ZengMDPI AGGeosciences2076-32632022-05-0112521710.3390/geosciences12050217Soil Characteristics in Private Gardens of Different City Neighborhoods: A Case Study of Taibe, IsraelPariente Sarah0Helena Zhevelev1Shatha Haj-Yehia2Eyal Sachs3Anatoly G. Fragin4Laboratory of Soil and Geomorphology, Department of Geography and Environment, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, IsraelLaboratory of Soil and Geomorphology, Department of Geography and Environment, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, IsraelLaboratory of Soil and Geomorphology, Department of Geography and Environment, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, IsraelLaboratory of Soil and Geomorphology, Department of Geography and Environment, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, IsraelLaboratory of Soil and Geomorphology, Department of Geography and Environment, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, IsraelCity green areas including private gardens, provide ecological, sociological, cultural, health, and engineering advantages that motivate the urban system. Manmade impacts on the development of urban soils are of greater importance than natural ones. Soil properties were studied in an Arab city—Taibe—in Israel. Two neighborhoods in the city, which differed in time of establishment, were selected: An older residential neighborhood constructed more than 70 years ago, and a newer one built 10 years ago. In each neighborhood, 15 private gardens were randomly chosen. In total, the study was conducted in 30 gardens. In each garden, soil samples were collected from three depths: 0–2, 2–10, and 10–30 cm, respectively. In each sample, organic matter, hygroscopic moisture, calcium carbonate, bulk density, field water content, lead, copper and zinc contents, and texture were determined. The soil of the older neighborhood expressed greater values of soil properties and higher profile differentiation than the newer one. The heavy metals in the soil of the private gardens of both neighborhoods are not present in excess nor are they toxic. Under the prevailing environmental conditions, the soil of the newer neighborhood will become like that of the older one in the future unless a new soil interruption occurs. The calcium carbonate and heavy metals contents in the soil can be used as indicators of soil maturity in different areas of the city having similar environmental conditions. In addition, the gradients of these properties along profiles can be helpful in restoring the history of human activity, which prevailed in the area.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/12/5/217soil propertiesurban soilprivate gardenhuman activityheavy metals |
| spellingShingle | Pariente Sarah Helena Zhevelev Shatha Haj-Yehia Eyal Sachs Anatoly G. Fragin Soil Characteristics in Private Gardens of Different City Neighborhoods: A Case Study of Taibe, Israel Geosciences soil properties urban soil private garden human activity heavy metals |
| title | Soil Characteristics in Private Gardens of Different City Neighborhoods: A Case Study of Taibe, Israel |
| title_full | Soil Characteristics in Private Gardens of Different City Neighborhoods: A Case Study of Taibe, Israel |
| title_fullStr | Soil Characteristics in Private Gardens of Different City Neighborhoods: A Case Study of Taibe, Israel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Soil Characteristics in Private Gardens of Different City Neighborhoods: A Case Study of Taibe, Israel |
| title_short | Soil Characteristics in Private Gardens of Different City Neighborhoods: A Case Study of Taibe, Israel |
| title_sort | soil characteristics in private gardens of different city neighborhoods a case study of taibe israel |
| topic | soil properties urban soil private garden human activity heavy metals |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/12/5/217 |
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