Bond quality of poplar plywood reinforced with hemp fibers and lignin-phenolic adhesives
This study investigated the potential of plywood reinforced with short hemp fibers and bonded with lignin-phenol-formaldehyde adhesives for structural applications. Furthermore, bond quality was examined by the evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of the fabricated plywood as per sta...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Composites Part C: Open Access |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666682022000639 |
| _version_ | 1811222169387008000 |
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| author | Ramesh Karri Reijo Lappalainen Laura Tomppo Ranjana Yadav |
| author_facet | Ramesh Karri Reijo Lappalainen Laura Tomppo Ranjana Yadav |
| author_sort | Ramesh Karri |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study investigated the potential of plywood reinforced with short hemp fibers and bonded with lignin-phenol-formaldehyde adhesives for structural applications. Furthermore, bond quality was examined by the evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of the fabricated plywood as per standard methods of tests. The plywood bonded with phenol-formaldehyde resin was used as a control group. Four different types of plywoods were produced by the hot-pressing method. Subsequently, moisture content, density, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, tensile strength, and matrix shear strength were tested and results were evaluated. Field emission scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the fractured surface of tested plywood. The results indicated that lignin-phenol-formaldehyde resin with a replacement of phenol up to 50% weight with lignin (sodium lignosulfonate) can be utilized for bonding plywood. The modulus of elasticity of plywood bonded with lignin-phenol-formaldehyde resin at 7.65 GPa is higher than the phenol-formaldehyde resin at 5.28 GPa. The other properties of both lignin-phenol-formaldehyde and phenol-formaldehyde bonded plywood were found to be similar. In addition, the 3-point bending strength of plywood reinforced with short hemp fibers increased the strength of the composite by 95.3 MPa compared with the control group of 78.5 MPa. Furthermore, the moisture content, modulus of rupture, tensile strength, and shear strength test results of fiber-reinforced plywood confirm the specific requirements of structural plywood. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T08:11:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ecbe20065891419c933a116f2373207d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2666-6820 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T08:11:44Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Composites Part C: Open Access |
| spelling | doaj.art-ecbe20065891419c933a116f2373207d2022-12-22T03:40:56ZengElsevierComposites Part C: Open Access2666-68202022-10-019100299Bond quality of poplar plywood reinforced with hemp fibers and lignin-phenolic adhesivesRamesh Karri0Reijo Lappalainen1Laura Tomppo2Ranjana Yadav3Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland; Indian Plywood Industries Research & Training Institute, B-65, Phase 7 Industrial Area, Mohali 160055 India; Corresponding author.Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, FinlandDepartment of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, FinlandIndian Plywood Industries Research & Training Institute, B-65, Phase 7 Industrial Area, Mohali 160055 IndiaThis study investigated the potential of plywood reinforced with short hemp fibers and bonded with lignin-phenol-formaldehyde adhesives for structural applications. Furthermore, bond quality was examined by the evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of the fabricated plywood as per standard methods of tests. The plywood bonded with phenol-formaldehyde resin was used as a control group. Four different types of plywoods were produced by the hot-pressing method. Subsequently, moisture content, density, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, tensile strength, and matrix shear strength were tested and results were evaluated. Field emission scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the fractured surface of tested plywood. The results indicated that lignin-phenol-formaldehyde resin with a replacement of phenol up to 50% weight with lignin (sodium lignosulfonate) can be utilized for bonding plywood. The modulus of elasticity of plywood bonded with lignin-phenol-formaldehyde resin at 7.65 GPa is higher than the phenol-formaldehyde resin at 5.28 GPa. The other properties of both lignin-phenol-formaldehyde and phenol-formaldehyde bonded plywood were found to be similar. In addition, the 3-point bending strength of plywood reinforced with short hemp fibers increased the strength of the composite by 95.3 MPa compared with the control group of 78.5 MPa. Furthermore, the moisture content, modulus of rupture, tensile strength, and shear strength test results of fiber-reinforced plywood confirm the specific requirements of structural plywood.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666682022000639Bond qualityHempLigninPhenolPlywoodPoplar |
| spellingShingle | Ramesh Karri Reijo Lappalainen Laura Tomppo Ranjana Yadav Bond quality of poplar plywood reinforced with hemp fibers and lignin-phenolic adhesives Composites Part C: Open Access Bond quality Hemp Lignin Phenol Plywood Poplar |
| title | Bond quality of poplar plywood reinforced with hemp fibers and lignin-phenolic adhesives |
| title_full | Bond quality of poplar plywood reinforced with hemp fibers and lignin-phenolic adhesives |
| title_fullStr | Bond quality of poplar plywood reinforced with hemp fibers and lignin-phenolic adhesives |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bond quality of poplar plywood reinforced with hemp fibers and lignin-phenolic adhesives |
| title_short | Bond quality of poplar plywood reinforced with hemp fibers and lignin-phenolic adhesives |
| title_sort | bond quality of poplar plywood reinforced with hemp fibers and lignin phenolic adhesives |
| topic | Bond quality Hemp Lignin Phenol Plywood Poplar |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666682022000639 |
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