UHPLC-HRMS-Based Untargeted Lipidomics Reveal Mechanism of Antifungal Activity of Carvacrol against <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>
<i>Aspergillus flavus</i> is a common contaminant in grain, oil and their products. Its metabolite aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> (AFB<sub>1</sub>) has been proved to be highly carcinogenic. Therefore, it is of great importance to find possible antifungal substances to i...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-12-01
|
| Series: | Foods |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/1/93 |
| _version_ | 1797499056308617216 |
|---|---|
| author | Chenling Qu Zhuozhen Li Xiupin Wang |
| author_facet | Chenling Qu Zhuozhen Li Xiupin Wang |
| author_sort | Chenling Qu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> is a common contaminant in grain, oil and their products. Its metabolite aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> (AFB<sub>1</sub>) has been proved to be highly carcinogenic. Therefore, it is of great importance to find possible antifungal substances to inhibit the growth and toxin production of <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>. Carvacrol (CV) was reported as a potent antifungal monoterpene derived from plants. In this paper, the antifungal effects and mechanism of CV on <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> were investigated. CV was shown good inhibition on the growth of <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> and the production of AFB<sub>1</sub>. CV used in concentrations ranging from 0, 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL inhibited the germination of spores, mycelia growth and AFB<sub>1</sub> production dose-dependently. To explore the antifungal mechanism of CV on <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>, we also detected the ergosterol content of <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> mycelia, employed Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to observe mycelia morphology and utilized Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) to explore the lipidome profiles of <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>. The results showed that the production of ergosterol of mycelia was reduced as the CV treatment concentration increased. SEM photographs demonstrated a rough surface and a reduction in the thickness of hyphae in <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> treated with CV (200 µg/mL). In positive ion mode, 21 lipids of <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> mycelium were downregulated, and 11 lipids were upregulated after treatment with 200-µg/mL CV. In negative ion mode, nine lipids of <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> mycelium were downregulated, and seven lipids upregulated after treatment with 200-µg/mL CV. In addition, the analysis of different lipid metabolic pathways between the control and 200-µg/mL CV-treated groups demonstrated that glycerophospholipid metabolism was the most enriched pathway related to CV treatment. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:42:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ecc025045938410c9acef82993a4d98e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:42:01Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-ecc025045938410c9acef82993a4d98e2023-11-23T11:31:21ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582021-12-011119310.3390/foods11010093UHPLC-HRMS-Based Untargeted Lipidomics Reveal Mechanism of Antifungal Activity of Carvacrol against <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>Chenling Qu0Zhuozhen Li1Xiupin Wang2Grain and Oil Storage Department, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, ChinaGrain and Oil Storage Department, College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, ChinaOil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China<i>Aspergillus flavus</i> is a common contaminant in grain, oil and their products. Its metabolite aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> (AFB<sub>1</sub>) has been proved to be highly carcinogenic. Therefore, it is of great importance to find possible antifungal substances to inhibit the growth and toxin production of <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>. Carvacrol (CV) was reported as a potent antifungal monoterpene derived from plants. In this paper, the antifungal effects and mechanism of CV on <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> were investigated. CV was shown good inhibition on the growth of <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> and the production of AFB<sub>1</sub>. CV used in concentrations ranging from 0, 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL inhibited the germination of spores, mycelia growth and AFB<sub>1</sub> production dose-dependently. To explore the antifungal mechanism of CV on <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>, we also detected the ergosterol content of <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> mycelia, employed Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to observe mycelia morphology and utilized Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) to explore the lipidome profiles of <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>. The results showed that the production of ergosterol of mycelia was reduced as the CV treatment concentration increased. SEM photographs demonstrated a rough surface and a reduction in the thickness of hyphae in <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> treated with CV (200 µg/mL). In positive ion mode, 21 lipids of <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> mycelium were downregulated, and 11 lipids were upregulated after treatment with 200-µg/mL CV. In negative ion mode, nine lipids of <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> mycelium were downregulated, and seven lipids upregulated after treatment with 200-µg/mL CV. In addition, the analysis of different lipid metabolic pathways between the control and 200-µg/mL CV-treated groups demonstrated that glycerophospholipid metabolism was the most enriched pathway related to CV treatment.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/1/93<i>Aspergillus flavus</i>carvacroluntargeted lipidomicsultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS)antifungal activity |
| spellingShingle | Chenling Qu Zhuozhen Li Xiupin Wang UHPLC-HRMS-Based Untargeted Lipidomics Reveal Mechanism of Antifungal Activity of Carvacrol against <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> Foods <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> carvacrol untargeted lipidomics ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) antifungal activity |
| title | UHPLC-HRMS-Based Untargeted Lipidomics Reveal Mechanism of Antifungal Activity of Carvacrol against <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> |
| title_full | UHPLC-HRMS-Based Untargeted Lipidomics Reveal Mechanism of Antifungal Activity of Carvacrol against <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> |
| title_fullStr | UHPLC-HRMS-Based Untargeted Lipidomics Reveal Mechanism of Antifungal Activity of Carvacrol against <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | UHPLC-HRMS-Based Untargeted Lipidomics Reveal Mechanism of Antifungal Activity of Carvacrol against <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> |
| title_short | UHPLC-HRMS-Based Untargeted Lipidomics Reveal Mechanism of Antifungal Activity of Carvacrol against <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> |
| title_sort | uhplc hrms based untargeted lipidomics reveal mechanism of antifungal activity of carvacrol against i aspergillus flavus i |
| topic | <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> carvacrol untargeted lipidomics ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) antifungal activity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/1/93 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT chenlingqu uhplchrmsbaseduntargetedlipidomicsrevealmechanismofantifungalactivityofcarvacrolagainstiaspergillusflavusi AT zhuozhenli uhplchrmsbaseduntargetedlipidomicsrevealmechanismofantifungalactivityofcarvacrolagainstiaspergillusflavusi AT xiupinwang uhplchrmsbaseduntargetedlipidomicsrevealmechanismofantifungalactivityofcarvacrolagainstiaspergillusflavusi |