Transcriptome and Phytochemical Analyses Provide New Insights Into Long Non-Coding RNAs Modulating Characteristic Secondary Metabolites of Oolong Tea (Camellia sinensis) in Solar-Withering
Oolong tea is a popular and semi-fermented beverage. During the processing of tea leaves, withering is the first indispensable process for improving flavor. However, the roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the characteristic secondary metabolites during the withering of oolong tea leaves rem...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2019-12-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Plant Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2019.01638/full |
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| author | Chen Zhu Chen Zhu Shuting Zhang Shuting Zhang Haifeng Fu Chengzhe Zhou Lan Chen Xiaozhen Li Yuling Lin Yuling Lin Zhongxiong Lai Zhongxiong Lai Yuqiong Guo |
| author_facet | Chen Zhu Chen Zhu Shuting Zhang Shuting Zhang Haifeng Fu Chengzhe Zhou Lan Chen Xiaozhen Li Yuling Lin Yuling Lin Zhongxiong Lai Zhongxiong Lai Yuqiong Guo |
| author_sort | Chen Zhu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Oolong tea is a popular and semi-fermented beverage. During the processing of tea leaves, withering is the first indispensable process for improving flavor. However, the roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the characteristic secondary metabolites during the withering of oolong tea leaves remain unknown. In this study, phytochemical analyses indicated that total polyphenols, flavonoids, catechins, epigallocatechin (EGC), catechin gallate (CG), gallocatechin gallate (GCG), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) were all less abundant in the solar-withered leaves (SW) than in the fresh leaves (FL) and indoor-withered leaves (IW). In contrast, terpenoid, jasmonic acid (JA), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) contents were higher in the SW than in the FL and IW. By analyzing the transcriptome data, we detected 32,036 lncRNAs. On the basis of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, the flavonoid metabolic pathway, the terpenoid metabolic pathway, and the JA/MeJA biosynthesis and signal transduction pathway were enriched pathways. Additionally, 63 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DE-lncRNAs) and 23 target genes were identified related to the three pathways. A comparison of the expression profiles of the DE-lncRNAs and their target genes between the SW and IW revealed four up-regulated genes (FLS, CCR, CAD, and HCT), seven up-regulated lncRNAs, four down-regulated genes (4CL, CHI, F3H, and F3’H), and three down-regulated lncRNAs related to flavonoid metabolism; nine up-regulated genes (DXS, CMK, HDS, HDR, AACT, MVK, PMK, GGPPS, and TPS), three up-regulated lncRNAs, and six down-regulated lncRNAs related to terpenoid metabolism; as well as six up-regulated genes (LOX, AOS, AOC, OPR, ACX, and MFP2), four up-regulated lncRNAs, and three down-regulated lncRNAs related to JA/MeJA biosynthesis and signal transduction. These results suggested that the expression of DE-lncRNAs and their targets involved in the three pathways may be related to the low abundance of the total polyphenols, flavonoids, and catechins (EGC, CG, GCG, ECG, and EGCG) and the high abundance of terpenoids in the SW. Moreover, solar irradiation, high JA and MeJA contents, and the endogenous target mimic (eTM)-related regulatory mechanism in the SW were also crucial for increasing the terpenoid levels. These findings provide new insights into the greater contribution of solar-withering to the high-quality flavor of oolong tea compared with the effects of indoor-withering. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-ecdbed34eae8461aa4e2182bf6c717b52022-12-21T18:40:57ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Plant Science1664-462X2019-12-011010.3389/fpls.2019.01638492402Transcriptome and Phytochemical Analyses Provide New Insights Into Long Non-Coding RNAs Modulating Characteristic Secondary Metabolites of Oolong Tea (Camellia sinensis) in Solar-WitheringChen Zhu0Chen Zhu1Shuting Zhang2Shuting Zhang3Haifeng Fu4Chengzhe Zhou5Lan Chen6Xiaozhen Li7Yuling Lin8Yuling Lin9Zhongxiong Lai10Zhongxiong Lai11Yuqiong Guo12College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, ChinaInstitute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, ChinaInstitute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, ChinaInstitute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, ChinaInstitute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, ChinaOolong tea is a popular and semi-fermented beverage. During the processing of tea leaves, withering is the first indispensable process for improving flavor. However, the roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the characteristic secondary metabolites during the withering of oolong tea leaves remain unknown. In this study, phytochemical analyses indicated that total polyphenols, flavonoids, catechins, epigallocatechin (EGC), catechin gallate (CG), gallocatechin gallate (GCG), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) were all less abundant in the solar-withered leaves (SW) than in the fresh leaves (FL) and indoor-withered leaves (IW). In contrast, terpenoid, jasmonic acid (JA), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) contents were higher in the SW than in the FL and IW. By analyzing the transcriptome data, we detected 32,036 lncRNAs. On the basis of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, the flavonoid metabolic pathway, the terpenoid metabolic pathway, and the JA/MeJA biosynthesis and signal transduction pathway were enriched pathways. Additionally, 63 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DE-lncRNAs) and 23 target genes were identified related to the three pathways. A comparison of the expression profiles of the DE-lncRNAs and their target genes between the SW and IW revealed four up-regulated genes (FLS, CCR, CAD, and HCT), seven up-regulated lncRNAs, four down-regulated genes (4CL, CHI, F3H, and F3’H), and three down-regulated lncRNAs related to flavonoid metabolism; nine up-regulated genes (DXS, CMK, HDS, HDR, AACT, MVK, PMK, GGPPS, and TPS), three up-regulated lncRNAs, and six down-regulated lncRNAs related to terpenoid metabolism; as well as six up-regulated genes (LOX, AOS, AOC, OPR, ACX, and MFP2), four up-regulated lncRNAs, and three down-regulated lncRNAs related to JA/MeJA biosynthesis and signal transduction. These results suggested that the expression of DE-lncRNAs and their targets involved in the three pathways may be related to the low abundance of the total polyphenols, flavonoids, and catechins (EGC, CG, GCG, ECG, and EGCG) and the high abundance of terpenoids in the SW. Moreover, solar irradiation, high JA and MeJA contents, and the endogenous target mimic (eTM)-related regulatory mechanism in the SW were also crucial for increasing the terpenoid levels. These findings provide new insights into the greater contribution of solar-withering to the high-quality flavor of oolong tea compared with the effects of indoor-withering.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2019.01638/fullCamellia sinensiswitheringtranscriptomelong non-coding RNAssecondary metabolites |
| spellingShingle | Chen Zhu Chen Zhu Shuting Zhang Shuting Zhang Haifeng Fu Chengzhe Zhou Lan Chen Xiaozhen Li Yuling Lin Yuling Lin Zhongxiong Lai Zhongxiong Lai Yuqiong Guo Transcriptome and Phytochemical Analyses Provide New Insights Into Long Non-Coding RNAs Modulating Characteristic Secondary Metabolites of Oolong Tea (Camellia sinensis) in Solar-Withering Frontiers in Plant Science Camellia sinensis withering transcriptome long non-coding RNAs secondary metabolites |
| title | Transcriptome and Phytochemical Analyses Provide New Insights Into Long Non-Coding RNAs Modulating Characteristic Secondary Metabolites of Oolong Tea (Camellia sinensis) in Solar-Withering |
| title_full | Transcriptome and Phytochemical Analyses Provide New Insights Into Long Non-Coding RNAs Modulating Characteristic Secondary Metabolites of Oolong Tea (Camellia sinensis) in Solar-Withering |
| title_fullStr | Transcriptome and Phytochemical Analyses Provide New Insights Into Long Non-Coding RNAs Modulating Characteristic Secondary Metabolites of Oolong Tea (Camellia sinensis) in Solar-Withering |
| title_full_unstemmed | Transcriptome and Phytochemical Analyses Provide New Insights Into Long Non-Coding RNAs Modulating Characteristic Secondary Metabolites of Oolong Tea (Camellia sinensis) in Solar-Withering |
| title_short | Transcriptome and Phytochemical Analyses Provide New Insights Into Long Non-Coding RNAs Modulating Characteristic Secondary Metabolites of Oolong Tea (Camellia sinensis) in Solar-Withering |
| title_sort | transcriptome and phytochemical analyses provide new insights into long non coding rnas modulating characteristic secondary metabolites of oolong tea camellia sinensis in solar withering |
| topic | Camellia sinensis withering transcriptome long non-coding RNAs secondary metabolites |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2019.01638/full |
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