Metabolite and Transcriptome Profiles of Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis in the Development of Litchi Fruit
The fruit of <i>Litchi chinensis</i> contains high levels of proanthocyanidins (PAs) in the pericarp. These substances can serve as substrates of laccase-mediated rapid pericarp browning after the fruit is harvested. In this study, we found that the major PAs in litchi pericarp were (−)-...
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/1/532 |
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| author | Ruihao Zhong Junbin Wei Bin Liu Honghui Luo Zhaoqi Zhang Xuequn Pang Fang Fang |
| author_facet | Ruihao Zhong Junbin Wei Bin Liu Honghui Luo Zhaoqi Zhang Xuequn Pang Fang Fang |
| author_sort | Ruihao Zhong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The fruit of <i>Litchi chinensis</i> contains high levels of proanthocyanidins (PAs) in the pericarp. These substances can serve as substrates of laccase-mediated rapid pericarp browning after the fruit is harvested. In this study, we found that the major PAs in litchi pericarp were (−)-epicatechin (EC) and several procyanidins (PCs), primarily PC A2, B2, and B1, and the EC and the PC content decreased with the development of the fruit. RNA-seq analysis showed that 43 early and late structure genes related to flavonoid/PA biosynthesis were expressed in the pericarp, including five <i>ANTHOCYANIDIN REDUCTASE</i> (<i>ANR</i>), two <i>LEUCOANTHOCYANIDIN REDUCTASE</i> (<i>LAR</i>), and two <i>ANTHOCYANIDIN SYNTHASE</i> (<i>ANS</i>) genes functioning in the PA biosynthesis branch of the flavonoid pathway. Among these nine PA biosynthesis-related genes, <i>ANR1a</i>, <i>LAR1</i>/<i>2,</i> and <i>ANS1</i> were highly positively correlated with changes in the EC/PC content, suggesting that they are the key PA biosynthesis-related genes. Several transcription factor (TF) genes, including MYB, bHLH, WRKY, and AP2 family members, were found to be highly correlated with <i>ANR1a</i>, <i>LAR1</i>/<i>2,</i> and <i>ANS1</i>, and their relevant binding elements were detected in the promoters of these target genes, strongly suggesting that these TF genes may play regulatory roles in PA biosynthesis. In summary, this study identified the candidate key structure and regulatory genes in PA biosynthesis in litchi pericarp, which will assist in understanding the accumulation of high levels of browning-related PA substances in the pericarp. |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:59:23Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-ed05b39265b74752a1cd34ed3d9fa3cc2023-11-16T15:34:47ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-12-0124153210.3390/ijms24010532Metabolite and Transcriptome Profiles of Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis in the Development of Litchi FruitRuihao Zhong0Junbin Wei1Bin Liu2Honghui Luo3Zhaoqi Zhang4Xuequn Pang5Fang Fang6State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruit and Vegetables/Engineering Research Center for Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops in South China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaThe fruit of <i>Litchi chinensis</i> contains high levels of proanthocyanidins (PAs) in the pericarp. These substances can serve as substrates of laccase-mediated rapid pericarp browning after the fruit is harvested. In this study, we found that the major PAs in litchi pericarp were (−)-epicatechin (EC) and several procyanidins (PCs), primarily PC A2, B2, and B1, and the EC and the PC content decreased with the development of the fruit. RNA-seq analysis showed that 43 early and late structure genes related to flavonoid/PA biosynthesis were expressed in the pericarp, including five <i>ANTHOCYANIDIN REDUCTASE</i> (<i>ANR</i>), two <i>LEUCOANTHOCYANIDIN REDUCTASE</i> (<i>LAR</i>), and two <i>ANTHOCYANIDIN SYNTHASE</i> (<i>ANS</i>) genes functioning in the PA biosynthesis branch of the flavonoid pathway. Among these nine PA biosynthesis-related genes, <i>ANR1a</i>, <i>LAR1</i>/<i>2,</i> and <i>ANS1</i> were highly positively correlated with changes in the EC/PC content, suggesting that they are the key PA biosynthesis-related genes. Several transcription factor (TF) genes, including MYB, bHLH, WRKY, and AP2 family members, were found to be highly correlated with <i>ANR1a</i>, <i>LAR1</i>/<i>2,</i> and <i>ANS1</i>, and their relevant binding elements were detected in the promoters of these target genes, strongly suggesting that these TF genes may play regulatory roles in PA biosynthesis. In summary, this study identified the candidate key structure and regulatory genes in PA biosynthesis in litchi pericarp, which will assist in understanding the accumulation of high levels of browning-related PA substances in the pericarp.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/1/532litchiproanthocyanidin biosynthesistranscriptomic analysisgene screeninggene expression regulation |
| spellingShingle | Ruihao Zhong Junbin Wei Bin Liu Honghui Luo Zhaoqi Zhang Xuequn Pang Fang Fang Metabolite and Transcriptome Profiles of Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis in the Development of Litchi Fruit International Journal of Molecular Sciences litchi proanthocyanidin biosynthesis transcriptomic analysis gene screening gene expression regulation |
| title | Metabolite and Transcriptome Profiles of Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis in the Development of Litchi Fruit |
| title_full | Metabolite and Transcriptome Profiles of Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis in the Development of Litchi Fruit |
| title_fullStr | Metabolite and Transcriptome Profiles of Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis in the Development of Litchi Fruit |
| title_full_unstemmed | Metabolite and Transcriptome Profiles of Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis in the Development of Litchi Fruit |
| title_short | Metabolite and Transcriptome Profiles of Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis in the Development of Litchi Fruit |
| title_sort | metabolite and transcriptome profiles of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in the development of litchi fruit |
| topic | litchi proanthocyanidin biosynthesis transcriptomic analysis gene screening gene expression regulation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/1/532 |
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