Duration of immunity following full vaccination against SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review
Abstract Background As vaccine roll-out continues across the globe as part of the efforts to protect humanity against SARS-CoV-2, concerns are increasingly shifting to the duration of vaccine-induced immunity. Responses to these concerns are critical in determining if, when, and who will need booste...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Archives of Public Health |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-022-00935-x |
| _version_ | 1828114358154035200 |
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| author | Isaac Yeboah Addo Frederick Asankom Dadzie Sylvester Reuben Okeke Caleb Boadi Elijah Frimpong Boadu |
| author_facet | Isaac Yeboah Addo Frederick Asankom Dadzie Sylvester Reuben Okeke Caleb Boadi Elijah Frimpong Boadu |
| author_sort | Isaac Yeboah Addo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background As vaccine roll-out continues across the globe as part of the efforts to protect humanity against SARS-CoV-2, concerns are increasingly shifting to the duration of vaccine-induced immunity. Responses to these concerns are critical in determining if, when, and who will need booster doses following full vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. However, synthesised studies about the durability of vaccine-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2 are scarce. This systematic review synthesised available global evidence on the duration of immunity following full vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. Methods We searched through Psych Info, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and WHO COVID-19 databases for relevant studies published before December 2021. Five eligibility criteria were used in scrutinising studies for inclusion. The quality of the included studies was assessed based on Joana Briggs Institute’s (JBI) Critical Appraisal tool and Cochrane’s Risk of Bias tool—version 2 (RoB 2), while the reporting of the results was guided by the Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM) guidelines. Results Twenty-seven out of the 666 identified studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings showed that vaccine-induced protection against SARS-CoV-2 infections builds rapidly after the first dose of vaccines and peaks within 4 to 42 days after the second dose, before waning begins in subsequent months, typically from 3 to 24 weeks. Vaccine-induced antibody response levels varied across different demographic and population characteristics and were higher in people who reported no underlying health conditions compared to those with immunosuppressed conditions. Conclusions Waning of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 begins as early as the first month after full vaccination and this decline continues till the sixth month when the level of immunity may not be able to provide adequate protection against SARS-CoV-2. While the evidence synthesised in this review could effectively inform and shape vaccine policies regarding the administration of booster doses, more evidence, especially clinical trials, are still needed to ascertain, with greater precision, the exact duration of immunity offered by different vaccine types, across diverse population characteristics, and in different vulnerability parameters. Registration The protocol for this review was pre-registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews [PROSPERO] (Registration ID: CRD420212818). |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T12:24:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ed28a103441b402ca5b50a60db467fe3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2049-3258 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T12:24:14Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Archives of Public Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-ed28a103441b402ca5b50a60db467fe32022-12-22T04:24:01ZengBMCArchives of Public Health2049-32582022-09-0180111910.1186/s13690-022-00935-xDuration of immunity following full vaccination against SARS-CoV-2: a systematic reviewIsaac Yeboah Addo0Frederick Asankom Dadzie1Sylvester Reuben Okeke2Caleb Boadi3Elijah Frimpong Boadu4Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South WalesCentre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South WalesCentre for Social Research in Health, University of New South WalesDepartment of Operations and Management Information Systems, University of GhanaSchool of Built Environment, University of New South WalesAbstract Background As vaccine roll-out continues across the globe as part of the efforts to protect humanity against SARS-CoV-2, concerns are increasingly shifting to the duration of vaccine-induced immunity. Responses to these concerns are critical in determining if, when, and who will need booster doses following full vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. However, synthesised studies about the durability of vaccine-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2 are scarce. This systematic review synthesised available global evidence on the duration of immunity following full vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. Methods We searched through Psych Info, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and WHO COVID-19 databases for relevant studies published before December 2021. Five eligibility criteria were used in scrutinising studies for inclusion. The quality of the included studies was assessed based on Joana Briggs Institute’s (JBI) Critical Appraisal tool and Cochrane’s Risk of Bias tool—version 2 (RoB 2), while the reporting of the results was guided by the Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM) guidelines. Results Twenty-seven out of the 666 identified studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings showed that vaccine-induced protection against SARS-CoV-2 infections builds rapidly after the first dose of vaccines and peaks within 4 to 42 days after the second dose, before waning begins in subsequent months, typically from 3 to 24 weeks. Vaccine-induced antibody response levels varied across different demographic and population characteristics and were higher in people who reported no underlying health conditions compared to those with immunosuppressed conditions. Conclusions Waning of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 begins as early as the first month after full vaccination and this decline continues till the sixth month when the level of immunity may not be able to provide adequate protection against SARS-CoV-2. While the evidence synthesised in this review could effectively inform and shape vaccine policies regarding the administration of booster doses, more evidence, especially clinical trials, are still needed to ascertain, with greater precision, the exact duration of immunity offered by different vaccine types, across diverse population characteristics, and in different vulnerability parameters. Registration The protocol for this review was pre-registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews [PROSPERO] (Registration ID: CRD420212818).https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-022-00935-xSARS-CoV-2WaningImmunityOmicronBoosterCOVID-19 vaccines |
| spellingShingle | Isaac Yeboah Addo Frederick Asankom Dadzie Sylvester Reuben Okeke Caleb Boadi Elijah Frimpong Boadu Duration of immunity following full vaccination against SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review Archives of Public Health SARS-CoV-2 Waning Immunity Omicron Booster COVID-19 vaccines |
| title | Duration of immunity following full vaccination against SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review |
| title_full | Duration of immunity following full vaccination against SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review |
| title_fullStr | Duration of immunity following full vaccination against SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Duration of immunity following full vaccination against SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review |
| title_short | Duration of immunity following full vaccination against SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review |
| title_sort | duration of immunity following full vaccination against sars cov 2 a systematic review |
| topic | SARS-CoV-2 Waning Immunity Omicron Booster COVID-19 vaccines |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-022-00935-x |
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