Position-Monitoring-Based Hybrid Routing Protocol for 3D UAV-Based Networks
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have emerged as prime technologies due to their compatible size and flexible architecture. UAV technology offers services in vast application such as inter-UAV communication, wireless sensors, and the future Internet of Things (IoT) due to its compatible architecture....
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Drones |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/6/11/327 |
| _version_ | 1797468610490269696 |
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| author | Saif Ullah Khalid Hussain Mohammadani Muhammad Asghar Khan Zhi Ren Reem Alkanhel Ammar Muthanna Usman Tariq |
| author_facet | Saif Ullah Khalid Hussain Mohammadani Muhammad Asghar Khan Zhi Ren Reem Alkanhel Ammar Muthanna Usman Tariq |
| author_sort | Saif Ullah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have emerged as prime technologies due to their compatible size and flexible architecture. UAV technology offers services in vast application such as inter-UAV communication, wireless sensors, and the future Internet of Things (IoT) due to its compatible architecture. A UAV’s speed varies while roaming, which may increase the risk of a connection failure. Various routing schemes have provided solutions to address this essential issue for three-dimensional (3D) UAV-based networks. The main category of UAV routing schemes is position-based routing schemes, which choose the best route based on the UAV’s location. However, position-based routing has the drawback that it depends on exact positioning and tracking. An efficient routing scheme can resolve the significant issue associated with UAV mobility in a 3D environment. This paper aims to address the issues of static preloaded location values by presenting a hybrid routing scheme named the Position-Monitor-based Hybrid Routing Protocol (PMHRP), which takes advantage of both geographic and topology-based routing protocols. The PMHRP establishes the shortest possible route based on a UAV’s Global Positioning System (GPS). Moreover, the proposed protocol utilizes the links for data forwarding. Furthermore, a disaster-based UAV scenario is adopted to provide connections to IoT devices. A detailed comparison analysis shows the proposed scheme’s extreme performance and results in up to 65% to 73% better packet delivery ratio (PDR) than batch mark schemes under standard 3D UAV scenarios. Compared to earlier work, the proposed scheme reduces the average delay by up to 68% to 75%. Further proposed routing schemes offer 70% to 72% more throughput than the existing routing schemes, and NRL (%) is 42% to 49% lower than the existing routing schemes. This happens because of the global routing information available at each UAV which is provided by the position head coordinator (PHC) UAV in the proposed work. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:08:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ed39b3e8783d4a419da591e2a3b0fe74 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2504-446X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:08:54Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Drones |
| spelling | doaj.art-ed39b3e8783d4a419da591e2a3b0fe742023-11-24T04:21:55ZengMDPI AGDrones2504-446X2022-10-0161132710.3390/drones6110327Position-Monitoring-Based Hybrid Routing Protocol for 3D UAV-Based NetworksSaif Ullah0Khalid Hussain Mohammadani1Muhammad Asghar Khan2Zhi Ren3Reem Alkanhel4Ammar Muthanna5Usman Tariq6Chongqing Key Laboratory of Mobile Communications Technology, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400044, ChinaCollege of Computer Science, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, ChinaDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Hamdard Institute of Engineering &Technology, Hamdard University, Islamabad 44000, PakistanChongqing Key Laboratory of Mobile Communications Technology, School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400044, ChinaDepartment of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Telecommunication Networks and Data Transmission, The Bonch-Bruevich Saint-Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, 193232 Saint Petersburg, RussiaCollege of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi ArabiaUnmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have emerged as prime technologies due to their compatible size and flexible architecture. UAV technology offers services in vast application such as inter-UAV communication, wireless sensors, and the future Internet of Things (IoT) due to its compatible architecture. A UAV’s speed varies while roaming, which may increase the risk of a connection failure. Various routing schemes have provided solutions to address this essential issue for three-dimensional (3D) UAV-based networks. The main category of UAV routing schemes is position-based routing schemes, which choose the best route based on the UAV’s location. However, position-based routing has the drawback that it depends on exact positioning and tracking. An efficient routing scheme can resolve the significant issue associated with UAV mobility in a 3D environment. This paper aims to address the issues of static preloaded location values by presenting a hybrid routing scheme named the Position-Monitor-based Hybrid Routing Protocol (PMHRP), which takes advantage of both geographic and topology-based routing protocols. The PMHRP establishes the shortest possible route based on a UAV’s Global Positioning System (GPS). Moreover, the proposed protocol utilizes the links for data forwarding. Furthermore, a disaster-based UAV scenario is adopted to provide connections to IoT devices. A detailed comparison analysis shows the proposed scheme’s extreme performance and results in up to 65% to 73% better packet delivery ratio (PDR) than batch mark schemes under standard 3D UAV scenarios. Compared to earlier work, the proposed scheme reduces the average delay by up to 68% to 75%. Further proposed routing schemes offer 70% to 72% more throughput than the existing routing schemes, and NRL (%) is 42% to 49% lower than the existing routing schemes. This happens because of the global routing information available at each UAV which is provided by the position head coordinator (PHC) UAV in the proposed work.https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/6/11/327communication networkscentrality measurerouting protocols3D UAV networks |
| spellingShingle | Saif Ullah Khalid Hussain Mohammadani Muhammad Asghar Khan Zhi Ren Reem Alkanhel Ammar Muthanna Usman Tariq Position-Monitoring-Based Hybrid Routing Protocol for 3D UAV-Based Networks Drones communication networks centrality measure routing protocols 3D UAV networks |
| title | Position-Monitoring-Based Hybrid Routing Protocol for 3D UAV-Based Networks |
| title_full | Position-Monitoring-Based Hybrid Routing Protocol for 3D UAV-Based Networks |
| title_fullStr | Position-Monitoring-Based Hybrid Routing Protocol for 3D UAV-Based Networks |
| title_full_unstemmed | Position-Monitoring-Based Hybrid Routing Protocol for 3D UAV-Based Networks |
| title_short | Position-Monitoring-Based Hybrid Routing Protocol for 3D UAV-Based Networks |
| title_sort | position monitoring based hybrid routing protocol for 3d uav based networks |
| topic | communication networks centrality measure routing protocols 3D UAV networks |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/6/11/327 |
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