Risk Characterization of Botanical Extracts Containing Hydroxyanthracenes as Determined by a Validated Micronucleus In Vitro Assay
Extracts of <i>Rheum palmatum</i> L., <i>Rhamnus purshiana</i> DC., <i>Rhamnus frangula</i> L., and <i>Cassia senna</i> L. are used in traditional medicine thanks to their beneficial properties. These species contain hydroxyanthracene derivatives, cons...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Separations |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/2/47 |
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| author | Gloria Melzi Corrado L. Galli Marina Marinovich |
| author_facet | Gloria Melzi Corrado L. Galli Marina Marinovich |
| author_sort | Gloria Melzi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Extracts of <i>Rheum palmatum</i> L., <i>Rhamnus purshiana</i> DC., <i>Rhamnus frangula</i> L., and <i>Cassia senna</i> L. are used in traditional medicine thanks to their beneficial properties. These species contain hydroxyanthracene derivatives, considered genotoxic and possibly related to colorectal cancer development. This research aimed to study, using a micronucleus assay in vitro, the genotoxic potential of <i>Rheum palmatum</i> L., <i>Rhamnus purshiana</i> DC., <i>Rhamnus frangula</i> L. (bark), and <i>Cassia senna</i> L. (leaves and fruits) extracts. The extracts were evaluated at different concentrations: from 0 to 2000 µg/mL for <i>Rhamnus purshiana</i> DC, from 0 to 2500 µg/mL for <i>Rheum palmatum</i> L. and <i>Rhamnus frangula</i> L., and from 0 to 5000 µg/mL for <i>Cassia senna</i> L. The cytokinesis-block proliferation index was calculated to analyse if the used concentrations showed cytotoxicity. The hydroxyanthracene content varied between 0.06% and 0.23% for aloe-emodin, and between 0.07% and 0.16% for emodin and rhein. No cytotoxic effect was detected at any of these concentrations. Micronucleus analyses showed a lack of genotoxicity for all the extracts tested. These results show that <i>Rheum palmatum</i> L., <i>Rhamnus purshiana</i> DC, <i>Rhamnus frangula</i> L., and <i>Cassia senna</i> L. extracts do not induce genotoxicity since no increase in micronuclei formation in human lymphocytes in vitro was detected. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:14:29Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:14:29Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-ed3c436fa9f64dd28b82d687a86f1ede2024-02-23T15:34:17ZengMDPI AGSeparations2297-87392024-02-011124710.3390/separations11020047Risk Characterization of Botanical Extracts Containing Hydroxyanthracenes as Determined by a Validated Micronucleus In Vitro AssayGloria Melzi0Corrado L. Galli1Marina Marinovich2Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB)—“Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB)—“Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, ItalyDepartment of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB)—“Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, ItalyExtracts of <i>Rheum palmatum</i> L., <i>Rhamnus purshiana</i> DC., <i>Rhamnus frangula</i> L., and <i>Cassia senna</i> L. are used in traditional medicine thanks to their beneficial properties. These species contain hydroxyanthracene derivatives, considered genotoxic and possibly related to colorectal cancer development. This research aimed to study, using a micronucleus assay in vitro, the genotoxic potential of <i>Rheum palmatum</i> L., <i>Rhamnus purshiana</i> DC., <i>Rhamnus frangula</i> L. (bark), and <i>Cassia senna</i> L. (leaves and fruits) extracts. The extracts were evaluated at different concentrations: from 0 to 2000 µg/mL for <i>Rhamnus purshiana</i> DC, from 0 to 2500 µg/mL for <i>Rheum palmatum</i> L. and <i>Rhamnus frangula</i> L., and from 0 to 5000 µg/mL for <i>Cassia senna</i> L. The cytokinesis-block proliferation index was calculated to analyse if the used concentrations showed cytotoxicity. The hydroxyanthracene content varied between 0.06% and 0.23% for aloe-emodin, and between 0.07% and 0.16% for emodin and rhein. No cytotoxic effect was detected at any of these concentrations. Micronucleus analyses showed a lack of genotoxicity for all the extracts tested. These results show that <i>Rheum palmatum</i> L., <i>Rhamnus purshiana</i> DC, <i>Rhamnus frangula</i> L., and <i>Cassia senna</i> L. extracts do not induce genotoxicity since no increase in micronuclei formation in human lymphocytes in vitro was detected.https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/2/47hydroxyanthracenesherbal preparationsgenotoxicityOCED 487 micronucleus assay in vitrobotanicals |
| spellingShingle | Gloria Melzi Corrado L. Galli Marina Marinovich Risk Characterization of Botanical Extracts Containing Hydroxyanthracenes as Determined by a Validated Micronucleus In Vitro Assay Separations hydroxyanthracenes herbal preparations genotoxicity OCED 487 micronucleus assay in vitro botanicals |
| title | Risk Characterization of Botanical Extracts Containing Hydroxyanthracenes as Determined by a Validated Micronucleus In Vitro Assay |
| title_full | Risk Characterization of Botanical Extracts Containing Hydroxyanthracenes as Determined by a Validated Micronucleus In Vitro Assay |
| title_fullStr | Risk Characterization of Botanical Extracts Containing Hydroxyanthracenes as Determined by a Validated Micronucleus In Vitro Assay |
| title_full_unstemmed | Risk Characterization of Botanical Extracts Containing Hydroxyanthracenes as Determined by a Validated Micronucleus In Vitro Assay |
| title_short | Risk Characterization of Botanical Extracts Containing Hydroxyanthracenes as Determined by a Validated Micronucleus In Vitro Assay |
| title_sort | risk characterization of botanical extracts containing hydroxyanthracenes as determined by a validated micronucleus in vitro assay |
| topic | hydroxyanthracenes herbal preparations genotoxicity OCED 487 micronucleus assay in vitro botanicals |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/11/2/47 |
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