Preclinical and Clinical Research Models of Prostate Cancer: A Brief Overview
The incidence and mortality from prostate cancer (PCa) are on the rise which poses a major public health concern worldwide. In this narrative review, we have summarized the characteristics of major in vitro and in vivo PCa models including their utility in developing treatment strategies. Androgens,...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Life |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/10/1607 |
| _version_ | 1797472036159750144 |
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| author | Debasish Basak Lisney Gregori Fatema Johora Subrata Deb |
| author_facet | Debasish Basak Lisney Gregori Fatema Johora Subrata Deb |
| author_sort | Debasish Basak |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The incidence and mortality from prostate cancer (PCa) are on the rise which poses a major public health concern worldwide. In this narrative review, we have summarized the characteristics of major in vitro and in vivo PCa models including their utility in developing treatment strategies. Androgens, particularly, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) activate the androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway that facilitates the development and progression of castration resistant PCa. Several enzymes namely, CYP17A1, HSD17B, and SRD5A are essential to furnishing DHT from dehydroepiandrosterone in the classical pathway while DHT is formed from androstanediol in the backdoor pathway. The advancement in delineating the molecular heterogeneity of PCa has been possible through the development of several in vitro and in vivo research models. Generally, tissue culture models are advantageous to understand PCa biology and investigate the efficacy and toxicity of novel agents; nevertheless, animal models are indispensable to studying the PCa etiology and treatment since they can simulate the tumor microenvironment that plays a central role in initiation and progression of the disease. Moreover, the availability of several genetically engineered mouse models has made it possible to study the metastasis process. However, the conventional models are not devoid of limitations. For example, the lack of heterogeneity in tissue culture models and the variation of metastatic characteristics in xenograft models are obviously challenging. Additionally, due to the racial and ethnic disparities in PCa pathophysiology, a new model that can represent PCa encompassing different ethnicities is urgently needed. New models should continue to evolve to address the genetic and molecular complexities as well as to further elucidate the finer details of the steroidogenic pathway associated with PCa. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:56:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ed455952c2a04f6d9acac25b15169490 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-1729 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:56:18Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Life |
| spelling | doaj.art-ed455952c2a04f6d9acac25b151694902023-11-24T00:57:11ZengMDPI AGLife2075-17292022-10-011210160710.3390/life12101607Preclinical and Clinical Research Models of Prostate Cancer: A Brief OverviewDebasish Basak0Lisney Gregori1Fatema Johora2Subrata Deb3Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL 33169, USADepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL 33169, USADepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL 33169, USADepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL 33169, USAThe incidence and mortality from prostate cancer (PCa) are on the rise which poses a major public health concern worldwide. In this narrative review, we have summarized the characteristics of major in vitro and in vivo PCa models including their utility in developing treatment strategies. Androgens, particularly, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) activate the androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway that facilitates the development and progression of castration resistant PCa. Several enzymes namely, CYP17A1, HSD17B, and SRD5A are essential to furnishing DHT from dehydroepiandrosterone in the classical pathway while DHT is formed from androstanediol in the backdoor pathway. The advancement in delineating the molecular heterogeneity of PCa has been possible through the development of several in vitro and in vivo research models. Generally, tissue culture models are advantageous to understand PCa biology and investigate the efficacy and toxicity of novel agents; nevertheless, animal models are indispensable to studying the PCa etiology and treatment since they can simulate the tumor microenvironment that plays a central role in initiation and progression of the disease. Moreover, the availability of several genetically engineered mouse models has made it possible to study the metastasis process. However, the conventional models are not devoid of limitations. For example, the lack of heterogeneity in tissue culture models and the variation of metastatic characteristics in xenograft models are obviously challenging. Additionally, due to the racial and ethnic disparities in PCa pathophysiology, a new model that can represent PCa encompassing different ethnicities is urgently needed. New models should continue to evolve to address the genetic and molecular complexities as well as to further elucidate the finer details of the steroidogenic pathway associated with PCa.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/10/1607prostate cancerresearch modelspreclinicalclinicalandrogenssteroidogenesis |
| spellingShingle | Debasish Basak Lisney Gregori Fatema Johora Subrata Deb Preclinical and Clinical Research Models of Prostate Cancer: A Brief Overview Life prostate cancer research models preclinical clinical androgens steroidogenesis |
| title | Preclinical and Clinical Research Models of Prostate Cancer: A Brief Overview |
| title_full | Preclinical and Clinical Research Models of Prostate Cancer: A Brief Overview |
| title_fullStr | Preclinical and Clinical Research Models of Prostate Cancer: A Brief Overview |
| title_full_unstemmed | Preclinical and Clinical Research Models of Prostate Cancer: A Brief Overview |
| title_short | Preclinical and Clinical Research Models of Prostate Cancer: A Brief Overview |
| title_sort | preclinical and clinical research models of prostate cancer a brief overview |
| topic | prostate cancer research models preclinical clinical androgens steroidogenesis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/10/1607 |
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