Analysis of insecticides in long-lasting insecticidal nets using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and correlation with bioefficacy
BackgroundLong-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are a key vector control tool used for the prevention of malaria. Active ingredient (AI) measurements in LLINs are essential for evaluating their quality and efficacy. The main aim of the present study was to determine the utility of X-ray fluorescenc...
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| Format: | Article |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Parasitology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2023.1258429/full |
| _version_ | 1797662091113398272 |
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| author | Melanie Koinari Nakei Bubun David Wilson Evodia Anetul Lincoln Timinao Petrina Johnson Petrina Johnson Norelle L. Daly Moses Laman Tim Freeman Stephan Karl Stephan Karl |
| author_facet | Melanie Koinari Nakei Bubun David Wilson Evodia Anetul Lincoln Timinao Petrina Johnson Petrina Johnson Norelle L. Daly Moses Laman Tim Freeman Stephan Karl Stephan Karl |
| author_sort | Melanie Koinari |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundLong-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are a key vector control tool used for the prevention of malaria. Active ingredient (AI) measurements in LLINs are essential for evaluating their quality and efficacy. The main aim of the present study was to determine the utility of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy as a suitable field-deployable tool for total AI quantification in LLINs.MethodsNew and unused LLIN samples containing deltamethrin (PermaNet® 2.0, n = 35) and alpha-cypermethrin (SafeNet®, n = 43) were obtained from batches delivered to Papua New Guinea (PNG) for mass distribution. Insecticides were extracted from the LLINs using a simple extraction technique and quantified using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The LC-MS results were correlated with XRF spectroscopy measurements on the same nets. Operators were blinded regarding the type of net. Bioefficacy of the LLIN samples was tested using WHO cone bioassays and test results were correlated with total AI content.ResultsThe results indicate correlation between quantitative XRF and LC-MS. Interestingly, the total AI content was negatively correlated with bioefficacy in PermaNet® 2.0 (especially in recently manufactured nets). In contrast, AI content was positively correlated with bioefficacy in SafeNet®. These results indicate that the chemical content analysis in predelivery inspections does not always predict bioefficacy.ConclusionXRF is a promising field-deployable tool for quantification of both deltamethrin- and alpha-cypermethrin-coated LLINs. Because total AI content is not always a predictor of the efficacy of LLINs to kill mosquitoes, bioefficacy measurements should be included in predelivery inspections. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T18:55:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ed846d4428604d1dbf7f4c6f87458abd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2813-2424 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T18:55:04Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Parasitology |
| spelling | doaj.art-ed846d4428604d1dbf7f4c6f87458abd2023-10-11T07:16:07ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Parasitology2813-24242023-10-01210.3389/fpara.2023.12584291258429Analysis of insecticides in long-lasting insecticidal nets using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and correlation with bioefficacyMelanie Koinari0Nakei Bubun1David Wilson2Evodia Anetul3Lincoln Timinao4Petrina Johnson5Petrina Johnson6Norelle L. Daly7Moses Laman8Tim Freeman9Stephan Karl10Stephan Karl11Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD, AustraliaVector-borne Disease Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Madang, Papua New GuineaAustralian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD, AustraliaVector-borne Disease Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Madang, Papua New GuineaVector-borne Disease Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Madang, Papua New GuineaAustralian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD, AustraliaVector-borne Disease Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Madang, Papua New GuineaAustralian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD, AustraliaVector-borne Disease Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Madang, Papua New GuineaMalaria Control Program, Rotarians Against Malaria Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, Papua New GuineaAustralian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD, AustraliaVector-borne Disease Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Madang, Papua New GuineaBackgroundLong-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are a key vector control tool used for the prevention of malaria. Active ingredient (AI) measurements in LLINs are essential for evaluating their quality and efficacy. The main aim of the present study was to determine the utility of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy as a suitable field-deployable tool for total AI quantification in LLINs.MethodsNew and unused LLIN samples containing deltamethrin (PermaNet® 2.0, n = 35) and alpha-cypermethrin (SafeNet®, n = 43) were obtained from batches delivered to Papua New Guinea (PNG) for mass distribution. Insecticides were extracted from the LLINs using a simple extraction technique and quantified using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The LC-MS results were correlated with XRF spectroscopy measurements on the same nets. Operators were blinded regarding the type of net. Bioefficacy of the LLIN samples was tested using WHO cone bioassays and test results were correlated with total AI content.ResultsThe results indicate correlation between quantitative XRF and LC-MS. Interestingly, the total AI content was negatively correlated with bioefficacy in PermaNet® 2.0 (especially in recently manufactured nets). In contrast, AI content was positively correlated with bioefficacy in SafeNet®. These results indicate that the chemical content analysis in predelivery inspections does not always predict bioefficacy.ConclusionXRF is a promising field-deployable tool for quantification of both deltamethrin- and alpha-cypermethrin-coated LLINs. Because total AI content is not always a predictor of the efficacy of LLINs to kill mosquitoes, bioefficacy measurements should be included in predelivery inspections.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2023.1258429/fullXRFliquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS)bednetsinsecticide contentLLINITNs |
| spellingShingle | Melanie Koinari Nakei Bubun David Wilson Evodia Anetul Lincoln Timinao Petrina Johnson Petrina Johnson Norelle L. Daly Moses Laman Tim Freeman Stephan Karl Stephan Karl Analysis of insecticides in long-lasting insecticidal nets using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and correlation with bioefficacy Frontiers in Parasitology XRF liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) bednets insecticide content LLIN ITNs |
| title | Analysis of insecticides in long-lasting insecticidal nets using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and correlation with bioefficacy |
| title_full | Analysis of insecticides in long-lasting insecticidal nets using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and correlation with bioefficacy |
| title_fullStr | Analysis of insecticides in long-lasting insecticidal nets using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and correlation with bioefficacy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of insecticides in long-lasting insecticidal nets using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and correlation with bioefficacy |
| title_short | Analysis of insecticides in long-lasting insecticidal nets using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and correlation with bioefficacy |
| title_sort | analysis of insecticides in long lasting insecticidal nets using x ray fluorescence spectroscopy and correlation with bioefficacy |
| topic | XRF liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) bednets insecticide content LLIN ITNs |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpara.2023.1258429/full |
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