Hot and cold marine extreme events in the Mediterranean over the period 1982-2021
Marine temperature extremes are anomalous ocean temperature events, often persisting over several weeks or longer, with potential impacts on physical and ecological processes that often encompass socio-economic implications. In recent years, a considerable effort has been directed at the development...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Marine Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.892201/full |
| _version_ | 1798040164948246528 |
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| author | Amelie Simon Amelie Simon Sandra M. Plecha Sandra M. Plecha Ana Russo Ana Russo Ana Teles-Machado Ana Teles-Machado Markus G. Donat Markus G. Donat Pierre-Amael Auger Ricardo M. Trigo Ricardo M. Trigo Ricardo M. Trigo |
| author_facet | Amelie Simon Amelie Simon Sandra M. Plecha Sandra M. Plecha Ana Russo Ana Russo Ana Teles-Machado Ana Teles-Machado Markus G. Donat Markus G. Donat Pierre-Amael Auger Ricardo M. Trigo Ricardo M. Trigo Ricardo M. Trigo |
| author_sort | Amelie Simon |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Marine temperature extremes are anomalous ocean temperature events, often persisting over several weeks or longer, with potential impacts on physical and ecological processes that often encompass socio-economic implications. In recent years, a considerable effort has been directed at the development of metrics allowing an objective characterization of both marine heatwaves (MHWs) and marine cold spells (MCSs). However, the majority of these metrics do not consider explicitly the spatial extent of the events. Here, we rank and evaluate the relative importance of marine temperature extreme events thanks to a metric, called activity, that combines the number of events, duration, intensity and spatial extent. According to this definition, in the Mediterranean basin between 1982 and 2021, summer 2018 experienced slightly more MHW activity than summer 2003, documented as an exceptional extreme event. Besides, MHW activities were higher in the last two decades while winter MCS activities were higher in the 1980s-1990s. The highest MHW activities occurred preferentially in the western Mediterranean while the strongest MCS activities took place preferentially in the eastern Mediterranean. Moreover, the duration, mean intensity, and activity of the three strongest MHWs are twice as high as those of the three strongest MCSs. The long-term tendency of extreme events activity shows an accelerated increase for summer MHWs (about +150°C.days.10⁶km²) and a linear decrease for winter MCSs in the Mediterranean (about -60°C.days.10⁶km²) over the last four decades. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T22:03:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ed84fc9f0d234bd5a5c172298c97867d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-7745 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T22:03:42Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Marine Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-ed84fc9f0d234bd5a5c172298c97867d2022-12-22T04:00:48ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Marine Science2296-77452022-08-01910.3389/fmars.2022.892201892201Hot and cold marine extreme events in the Mediterranean over the period 1982-2021Amelie Simon0Amelie Simon1Sandra M. Plecha2Sandra M. Plecha3Ana Russo4Ana Russo5Ana Teles-Machado6Ana Teles-Machado7Markus G. Donat8Markus G. Donat9Pierre-Amael Auger10Ricardo M. Trigo11Ricardo M. Trigo12Ricardo M. Trigo13Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL) Campo Grande, Lisboa, PortugalFaculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande Lisboa, PortugalInstituto Dom Luiz (IDL) Campo Grande, Lisboa, PortugalFaculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande Lisboa, PortugalInstituto Dom Luiz (IDL) Campo Grande, Lisboa, PortugalFaculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande Lisboa, PortugalInstituto Dom Luiz (IDL) Campo Grande, Lisboa, PortugalInstituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, Lisboa, PortugalBarcelona Supercomputing Center (Centro Nacional de Supercomputación BSC-CNS), Barcelona, SpainInstitució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, SpainUniv. Brest, Centre national de larecherche scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Ifremer, Laboratoire d’Oce´ anographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Brest, France, Brest, FranceInstituto Dom Luiz (IDL) Campo Grande, Lisboa, PortugalFaculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande Lisboa, PortugalDepartamento de Meteorologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilMarine temperature extremes are anomalous ocean temperature events, often persisting over several weeks or longer, with potential impacts on physical and ecological processes that often encompass socio-economic implications. In recent years, a considerable effort has been directed at the development of metrics allowing an objective characterization of both marine heatwaves (MHWs) and marine cold spells (MCSs). However, the majority of these metrics do not consider explicitly the spatial extent of the events. Here, we rank and evaluate the relative importance of marine temperature extreme events thanks to a metric, called activity, that combines the number of events, duration, intensity and spatial extent. According to this definition, in the Mediterranean basin between 1982 and 2021, summer 2018 experienced slightly more MHW activity than summer 2003, documented as an exceptional extreme event. Besides, MHW activities were higher in the last two decades while winter MCS activities were higher in the 1980s-1990s. The highest MHW activities occurred preferentially in the western Mediterranean while the strongest MCS activities took place preferentially in the eastern Mediterranean. Moreover, the duration, mean intensity, and activity of the three strongest MHWs are twice as high as those of the three strongest MCSs. The long-term tendency of extreme events activity shows an accelerated increase for summer MHWs (about +150°C.days.10⁶km²) and a linear decrease for winter MCSs in the Mediterranean (about -60°C.days.10⁶km²) over the last four decades.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.892201/fullmarine heatwave (MHW)marine cold spell (MCS)mediterraneanspatial extentactivityranking |
| spellingShingle | Amelie Simon Amelie Simon Sandra M. Plecha Sandra M. Plecha Ana Russo Ana Russo Ana Teles-Machado Ana Teles-Machado Markus G. Donat Markus G. Donat Pierre-Amael Auger Ricardo M. Trigo Ricardo M. Trigo Ricardo M. Trigo Hot and cold marine extreme events in the Mediterranean over the period 1982-2021 Frontiers in Marine Science marine heatwave (MHW) marine cold spell (MCS) mediterranean spatial extent activity ranking |
| title | Hot and cold marine extreme events in the Mediterranean over the period 1982-2021 |
| title_full | Hot and cold marine extreme events in the Mediterranean over the period 1982-2021 |
| title_fullStr | Hot and cold marine extreme events in the Mediterranean over the period 1982-2021 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hot and cold marine extreme events in the Mediterranean over the period 1982-2021 |
| title_short | Hot and cold marine extreme events in the Mediterranean over the period 1982-2021 |
| title_sort | hot and cold marine extreme events in the mediterranean over the period 1982 2021 |
| topic | marine heatwave (MHW) marine cold spell (MCS) mediterranean spatial extent activity ranking |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.892201/full |
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