The Complexity of the Tumor Microenvironment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Emerging Therapeutic Developments
This review explores various aspects of the HCC TME, including both cellular and non-cellular components, to elucidate their roles in tumor development and progression. Specifically, it highlights the significance of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and their contributions to tumor progression,...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/23/7469 |
| _version_ | 1797399941738397696 |
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| author | Antonella Argentiero Antonella Delvecchio Rossella Fasano Alessandro Andriano Ingrid Catalina Caradonna Riccardo Memeo Vanessa Desantis |
| author_facet | Antonella Argentiero Antonella Delvecchio Rossella Fasano Alessandro Andriano Ingrid Catalina Caradonna Riccardo Memeo Vanessa Desantis |
| author_sort | Antonella Argentiero |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This review explores various aspects of the HCC TME, including both cellular and non-cellular components, to elucidate their roles in tumor development and progression. Specifically, it highlights the significance of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and their contributions to tumor progression, angiogenesis, immune suppression, and therapeutic resistance. Moreover, this review emphasizes the role of immune cells, such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and regulatory T-cells (Tregs), in shaping the immunosuppressive microenvironment that promotes tumor growth and immune evasion. Furthermore, we also focused only on the non-cellular components of the HCC TME, including the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the role of hypoxia-induced angiogenesis. Alterations in the composition of ECM and stiffness have been implicated in tumor invasion and metastasis, while hypoxia-driven angiogenesis promotes tumor growth and metastatic spread. The molecular mechanisms underlying these processes, including the activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling, are also discussed. In addition to elucidating the complex TME of HCC, this review focuses on emerging therapeutic strategies that target the TME. It highlights the potential of second-line treatments, such as regorafenib, cabozantinib, and ramucirumab, in improving overall survival for advanced HCC patients who have progressed on or were intolerant to first-line therapy. Furthermore, this review explores the implications of the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging and classification system in guiding HCC management decisions. The BCLC system, which incorporates tumor stage, liver function, and performance status, provides a framework for treatment stratification and prognosis prediction in HCC patients. The insights gained from this review contribute to the development of novel therapeutic interventions and personalized treatment approaches for HCC patients, ultimately improving clinical outcomes in this challenging disease. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T01:48:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ed8af761127a4af28e2f1c2d64d9d27e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T01:48:25Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-ed8af761127a4af28e2f1c2d64d9d27e2023-12-08T15:20:07ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832023-12-011223746910.3390/jcm12237469The Complexity of the Tumor Microenvironment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Emerging Therapeutic DevelopmentsAntonella Argentiero0Antonella Delvecchio1Rossella Fasano2Alessandro Andriano3Ingrid Catalina Caradonna4Riccardo Memeo5Vanessa Desantis6Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, 70124 Bari, ItalyUnit of Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, “F. Miulli” General Hospital, 70021 Bari, ItalyIstituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, 70124 Bari, ItalyDepartment of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Pharmacology Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, 70124 Bari, ItalyDepartment of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Pharmacology Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, 70124 Bari, ItalyUnit of Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, “F. Miulli” General Hospital, 70021 Bari, ItalyDepartment of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Pharmacology Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, 70124 Bari, ItalyThis review explores various aspects of the HCC TME, including both cellular and non-cellular components, to elucidate their roles in tumor development and progression. Specifically, it highlights the significance of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and their contributions to tumor progression, angiogenesis, immune suppression, and therapeutic resistance. Moreover, this review emphasizes the role of immune cells, such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and regulatory T-cells (Tregs), in shaping the immunosuppressive microenvironment that promotes tumor growth and immune evasion. Furthermore, we also focused only on the non-cellular components of the HCC TME, including the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the role of hypoxia-induced angiogenesis. Alterations in the composition of ECM and stiffness have been implicated in tumor invasion and metastasis, while hypoxia-driven angiogenesis promotes tumor growth and metastatic spread. The molecular mechanisms underlying these processes, including the activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling, are also discussed. In addition to elucidating the complex TME of HCC, this review focuses on emerging therapeutic strategies that target the TME. It highlights the potential of second-line treatments, such as regorafenib, cabozantinib, and ramucirumab, in improving overall survival for advanced HCC patients who have progressed on or were intolerant to first-line therapy. Furthermore, this review explores the implications of the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging and classification system in guiding HCC management decisions. The BCLC system, which incorporates tumor stage, liver function, and performance status, provides a framework for treatment stratification and prognosis prediction in HCC patients. The insights gained from this review contribute to the development of novel therapeutic interventions and personalized treatment approaches for HCC patients, ultimately improving clinical outcomes in this challenging disease.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/23/7469hepatocellular carcinomatumor microenvironmentimmunotherapytargeted therapybiomarkersBCLC staging and classification |
| spellingShingle | Antonella Argentiero Antonella Delvecchio Rossella Fasano Alessandro Andriano Ingrid Catalina Caradonna Riccardo Memeo Vanessa Desantis The Complexity of the Tumor Microenvironment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Emerging Therapeutic Developments Journal of Clinical Medicine hepatocellular carcinoma tumor microenvironment immunotherapy targeted therapy biomarkers BCLC staging and classification |
| title | The Complexity of the Tumor Microenvironment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Emerging Therapeutic Developments |
| title_full | The Complexity of the Tumor Microenvironment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Emerging Therapeutic Developments |
| title_fullStr | The Complexity of the Tumor Microenvironment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Emerging Therapeutic Developments |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Complexity of the Tumor Microenvironment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Emerging Therapeutic Developments |
| title_short | The Complexity of the Tumor Microenvironment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Emerging Therapeutic Developments |
| title_sort | complexity of the tumor microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma and emerging therapeutic developments |
| topic | hepatocellular carcinoma tumor microenvironment immunotherapy targeted therapy biomarkers BCLC staging and classification |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/23/7469 |
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