Dietary Protein Regulates Female Estrous Cyclicity Partially via Fibroblast Growth Factor 21
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a hormone predominantly released in the liver, has emerged as a critical endocrine signal of dietary protein intake, but its role in the control of estrous cyclicity by dietary protein remains uncertain. To investigated the role of FGF21 and hypothalamic changes...
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| author | Yaxue Cao Min Yang Jie Song Xuemei Jiang Shengyu Xu Lianqiang Che Zhengfeng Fang Yan Lin Chao Jin Bin Feng De Wu Lun Hua Yong Zhuo |
| author_facet | Yaxue Cao Min Yang Jie Song Xuemei Jiang Shengyu Xu Lianqiang Che Zhengfeng Fang Yan Lin Chao Jin Bin Feng De Wu Lun Hua Yong Zhuo |
| author_sort | Yaxue Cao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a hormone predominantly released in the liver, has emerged as a critical endocrine signal of dietary protein intake, but its role in the control of estrous cyclicity by dietary protein remains uncertain. To investigated the role of FGF21 and hypothalamic changes in the regulation of estrous cyclicity by dietary protein intake, female adult Sprague-Dawley rats with normal estrous cycles were fed diets with protein contents of 4% (P4), 8% (P8), 13% (P13), 18% (P18), and 23% (P23). FGF21 liver-specific knockout or wild-type mice were fed P18 or P4 diets to examine the role of liver FGF21 in the control of estrous cyclicity. Dietary protein restriction resulted in no negative effects on estrous cyclicity or ovarian follicular development when the protein content was greater than 8%. Protein restriction at 4% resulted in decreased bodyweight, compromised <i>Kiss</i>-1 expression in the hypothalamus, disturbed estrous cyclicity, and inhibited uterine and ovarian follicular development. The disturbed estrous cyclicity in rats that received the P4 diet was reversed after feeding with the P18 diet. Liver <i>Fgf21</i> mRNA expressions and serum FGF21 levels were significantly increased as dietary protein content decreased, and loss of hepatic FGF21 delayed the onset of cyclicity disruption in rats fed with the P4 diet, possibly due to the regulation of insulin-like growth factor-1. Collectively, severe dietary protein restriction results in the cessation of estrous cyclicity and ovarian follicle development, and hepatic FGF21 and hypothalamic <i>Kiss</i>-1 were partially required for this process. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:32:45Z |
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| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:32:45Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-edb675fae9284199bc83d7d6c2e926d42023-11-18T17:16:21ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432023-07-011513304910.3390/nu15133049Dietary Protein Regulates Female Estrous Cyclicity Partially via Fibroblast Growth Factor 21Yaxue Cao0Min Yang1Jie Song2Xuemei Jiang3Shengyu Xu4Lianqiang Che5Zhengfeng Fang6Yan Lin7Chao Jin8Bin Feng9De Wu10Lun Hua11Yong Zhuo12Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaFibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a hormone predominantly released in the liver, has emerged as a critical endocrine signal of dietary protein intake, but its role in the control of estrous cyclicity by dietary protein remains uncertain. To investigated the role of FGF21 and hypothalamic changes in the regulation of estrous cyclicity by dietary protein intake, female adult Sprague-Dawley rats with normal estrous cycles were fed diets with protein contents of 4% (P4), 8% (P8), 13% (P13), 18% (P18), and 23% (P23). FGF21 liver-specific knockout or wild-type mice were fed P18 or P4 diets to examine the role of liver FGF21 in the control of estrous cyclicity. Dietary protein restriction resulted in no negative effects on estrous cyclicity or ovarian follicular development when the protein content was greater than 8%. Protein restriction at 4% resulted in decreased bodyweight, compromised <i>Kiss</i>-1 expression in the hypothalamus, disturbed estrous cyclicity, and inhibited uterine and ovarian follicular development. The disturbed estrous cyclicity in rats that received the P4 diet was reversed after feeding with the P18 diet. Liver <i>Fgf21</i> mRNA expressions and serum FGF21 levels were significantly increased as dietary protein content decreased, and loss of hepatic FGF21 delayed the onset of cyclicity disruption in rats fed with the P4 diet, possibly due to the regulation of insulin-like growth factor-1. Collectively, severe dietary protein restriction results in the cessation of estrous cyclicity and ovarian follicle development, and hepatic FGF21 and hypothalamic <i>Kiss</i>-1 were partially required for this process.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/13/3049protein restrictionestrous cycleFGF 21<i>Kiss</i>-1 |
| spellingShingle | Yaxue Cao Min Yang Jie Song Xuemei Jiang Shengyu Xu Lianqiang Che Zhengfeng Fang Yan Lin Chao Jin Bin Feng De Wu Lun Hua Yong Zhuo Dietary Protein Regulates Female Estrous Cyclicity Partially via Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Nutrients protein restriction estrous cycle FGF 21 <i>Kiss</i>-1 |
| title | Dietary Protein Regulates Female Estrous Cyclicity Partially via Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 |
| title_full | Dietary Protein Regulates Female Estrous Cyclicity Partially via Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 |
| title_fullStr | Dietary Protein Regulates Female Estrous Cyclicity Partially via Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dietary Protein Regulates Female Estrous Cyclicity Partially via Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 |
| title_short | Dietary Protein Regulates Female Estrous Cyclicity Partially via Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 |
| title_sort | dietary protein regulates female estrous cyclicity partially via fibroblast growth factor 21 |
| topic | protein restriction estrous cycle FGF 21 <i>Kiss</i>-1 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/13/3049 |
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