Effects of Diets Containing Different Levels of Copper, Manganese, and Iodine on Rumen Fermentation, Blood Parameters, and Growth Performance of Yaks
Copper, manganese, and iodine are part of a yak’s required trace elements. However, knowledge about their dietary requirements is scarce. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to evaluate rumen fermentation, blood parameters, and growth performance and screen out the optimum levels of trace element...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Animals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/16/2651 |
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| author | Huizhen Lu Weibin Wu Xinsheng Zhao Musaddiq Wada Abbas Shujie Liu Lizhuang Hao Yanfeng Xue |
| author_facet | Huizhen Lu Weibin Wu Xinsheng Zhao Musaddiq Wada Abbas Shujie Liu Lizhuang Hao Yanfeng Xue |
| author_sort | Huizhen Lu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Copper, manganese, and iodine are part of a yak’s required trace elements. However, knowledge about their dietary requirements is scarce. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to evaluate rumen fermentation, blood parameters, and growth performance and screen out the optimum levels of trace elements in yaks’ diet. Here, 18 three-year-old castrated yaks were randomly divided into four groups, which fed with diets containing basal (CON: 4.40, 33.82, and 0 mg/kg) and low-level (LL: 10.00, 40.00, and 0.30 mg/kg), middle-level (ML: 15.00, 50.00, and 0.50 mg/kg), and high-level (HL: 20.00, 60.00, and 0.70 mg/kg) copper, manganese, and iodine for 30 days. With the increase in trace elements, yaks’ daily weight gain (DWG), rumen pH, ammonia nitrogen, microbial protein (MCP), and volatile fatty acids levels and serum triglycerides and urea nitrogen levels showed firstly increasing and then decreasing trends and reached the highest values in ML, and serum ceruloplasmin and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activities showed continuously increasing trends. Yaks’ DWG, rumen MCP, butyrate, and valerate levels and serum triglycerides, urea nitrogen, ceruloplasmin, and T-SOD levels in ML were significantly higher than CON. Therefore, the recommended levels of copper, manganese, and iodine in growing yaks’ diet are 15.00, 50.00, and 0.50 mg/kg (ML), respectively. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:12:03Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:12:03Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
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| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj.art-edbac7e28f1142b7bf4508a9ffcb24b12023-11-18T23:58:13ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152023-08-011316265110.3390/ani13162651Effects of Diets Containing Different Levels of Copper, Manganese, and Iodine on Rumen Fermentation, Blood Parameters, and Growth Performance of YaksHuizhen Lu0Weibin Wu1Xinsheng Zhao2Musaddiq Wada Abbas3Shujie Liu4Lizhuang Hao5Yanfeng Xue6College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Plateau Yak Research Center, Qinghai Academy of Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Plateau Yak Research Center, Qinghai Academy of Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Plateau Yak Research Center, Qinghai Academy of Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, ChinaCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, ChinaCopper, manganese, and iodine are part of a yak’s required trace elements. However, knowledge about their dietary requirements is scarce. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to evaluate rumen fermentation, blood parameters, and growth performance and screen out the optimum levels of trace elements in yaks’ diet. Here, 18 three-year-old castrated yaks were randomly divided into four groups, which fed with diets containing basal (CON: 4.40, 33.82, and 0 mg/kg) and low-level (LL: 10.00, 40.00, and 0.30 mg/kg), middle-level (ML: 15.00, 50.00, and 0.50 mg/kg), and high-level (HL: 20.00, 60.00, and 0.70 mg/kg) copper, manganese, and iodine for 30 days. With the increase in trace elements, yaks’ daily weight gain (DWG), rumen pH, ammonia nitrogen, microbial protein (MCP), and volatile fatty acids levels and serum triglycerides and urea nitrogen levels showed firstly increasing and then decreasing trends and reached the highest values in ML, and serum ceruloplasmin and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activities showed continuously increasing trends. Yaks’ DWG, rumen MCP, butyrate, and valerate levels and serum triglycerides, urea nitrogen, ceruloplasmin, and T-SOD levels in ML were significantly higher than CON. Therefore, the recommended levels of copper, manganese, and iodine in growing yaks’ diet are 15.00, 50.00, and 0.50 mg/kg (ML), respectively.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/16/2651yaktrace elementgrowth performancerumen fermentationblood index |
| spellingShingle | Huizhen Lu Weibin Wu Xinsheng Zhao Musaddiq Wada Abbas Shujie Liu Lizhuang Hao Yanfeng Xue Effects of Diets Containing Different Levels of Copper, Manganese, and Iodine on Rumen Fermentation, Blood Parameters, and Growth Performance of Yaks Animals yak trace element growth performance rumen fermentation blood index |
| title | Effects of Diets Containing Different Levels of Copper, Manganese, and Iodine on Rumen Fermentation, Blood Parameters, and Growth Performance of Yaks |
| title_full | Effects of Diets Containing Different Levels of Copper, Manganese, and Iodine on Rumen Fermentation, Blood Parameters, and Growth Performance of Yaks |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Diets Containing Different Levels of Copper, Manganese, and Iodine on Rumen Fermentation, Blood Parameters, and Growth Performance of Yaks |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Diets Containing Different Levels of Copper, Manganese, and Iodine on Rumen Fermentation, Blood Parameters, and Growth Performance of Yaks |
| title_short | Effects of Diets Containing Different Levels of Copper, Manganese, and Iodine on Rumen Fermentation, Blood Parameters, and Growth Performance of Yaks |
| title_sort | effects of diets containing different levels of copper manganese and iodine on rumen fermentation blood parameters and growth performance of yaks |
| topic | yak trace element growth performance rumen fermentation blood index |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/16/2651 |
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