Sensing Glucose Concentration Using Symmetric Metasurfaces under Oblique Incident Terahertz Waves
In this article, a planar metamaterial sensor designed at terahertz (THz) frequencies is utilized to sense glucose concentration levels that cover hypoglycemia, normal, and hyperglycemia conditions that vary from 54 to 342 mg/dL. The sensor was developed using a symmetric complementary split rectang...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Crystals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/11/12/1578 |
| _version_ | 1797505636397744128 |
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| author | Ibraheem Al-Naib |
| author_facet | Ibraheem Al-Naib |
| author_sort | Ibraheem Al-Naib |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this article, a planar metamaterial sensor designed at terahertz (THz) frequencies is utilized to sense glucose concentration levels that cover hypoglycemia, normal, and hyperglycemia conditions that vary from 54 to 342 mg/dL. The sensor was developed using a symmetric complementary split rectangular resonator at an oblique incidence angle. The resonance frequency shift was used as a measure of the changes in the glucose level of the samples. The increase in the glucose concentration level exhibited clear and noticeable redshifts in the resonance frequency. For instance, a 67.5 GHz redshift has been observed for a concentration level of 54 mg/dL and increased up to 122 GHz for the 342 mg/dL concentration level. Moreover, a high sensitivity level of 75,700 nm/RIU was observed for this design. In the future, the proposed THz sensors may have potential applications in diagnosing hypocalcemia and hyperglycemia cases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:21:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-edc02189f8b54a5a97605f54ad9e2bcc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4352 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:21:27Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Crystals |
| spelling | doaj.art-edc02189f8b54a5a97605f54ad9e2bcc2023-11-23T07:49:39ZengMDPI AGCrystals2073-43522021-12-011112157810.3390/cryst11121578Sensing Glucose Concentration Using Symmetric Metasurfaces under Oblique Incident Terahertz WavesIbraheem Al-Naib0Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi ArabiaIn this article, a planar metamaterial sensor designed at terahertz (THz) frequencies is utilized to sense glucose concentration levels that cover hypoglycemia, normal, and hyperglycemia conditions that vary from 54 to 342 mg/dL. The sensor was developed using a symmetric complementary split rectangular resonator at an oblique incidence angle. The resonance frequency shift was used as a measure of the changes in the glucose level of the samples. The increase in the glucose concentration level exhibited clear and noticeable redshifts in the resonance frequency. For instance, a 67.5 GHz redshift has been observed for a concentration level of 54 mg/dL and increased up to 122 GHz for the 342 mg/dL concentration level. Moreover, a high sensitivity level of 75,700 nm/RIU was observed for this design. In the future, the proposed THz sensors may have potential applications in diagnosing hypocalcemia and hyperglycemia cases.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/11/12/1578glucose sensingterahertz technologycomplementary split rectangular resonatorsBabinet’s principlebiosensing |
| spellingShingle | Ibraheem Al-Naib Sensing Glucose Concentration Using Symmetric Metasurfaces under Oblique Incident Terahertz Waves Crystals glucose sensing terahertz technology complementary split rectangular resonators Babinet’s principle biosensing |
| title | Sensing Glucose Concentration Using Symmetric Metasurfaces under Oblique Incident Terahertz Waves |
| title_full | Sensing Glucose Concentration Using Symmetric Metasurfaces under Oblique Incident Terahertz Waves |
| title_fullStr | Sensing Glucose Concentration Using Symmetric Metasurfaces under Oblique Incident Terahertz Waves |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sensing Glucose Concentration Using Symmetric Metasurfaces under Oblique Incident Terahertz Waves |
| title_short | Sensing Glucose Concentration Using Symmetric Metasurfaces under Oblique Incident Terahertz Waves |
| title_sort | sensing glucose concentration using symmetric metasurfaces under oblique incident terahertz waves |
| topic | glucose sensing terahertz technology complementary split rectangular resonators Babinet’s principle biosensing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/11/12/1578 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ibraheemalnaib sensingglucoseconcentrationusingsymmetricmetasurfacesunderobliqueincidentterahertzwaves |