Genotyping of Salmon Gill Poxvirus Reveals One Main Predominant Lineage in Europe, Featuring Fjord- and Fish Farm-Specific Sub-Lineages
Salmon gill poxvirus (SGPV) can cause serious gill disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and represents a significant problem to aquaculture industries in Northern Europe. Here, a single-tube multi-locus variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) genotyping assay, targeting eight VNT...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2020-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Microbiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01071/full |
| _version_ | 1819007217210228736 |
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| author | Snorre Gulla Torstein Tengs Saima Nasrin Mohammad Mona Gjessing Åse Helen Garseth Karoline Sveinsson Torfinn Moldal Petra E. Petersen Brit Tørud Ole Bendik Dale Maria K. Dahle Maria K. Dahle |
| author_facet | Snorre Gulla Torstein Tengs Saima Nasrin Mohammad Mona Gjessing Åse Helen Garseth Karoline Sveinsson Torfinn Moldal Petra E. Petersen Brit Tørud Ole Bendik Dale Maria K. Dahle Maria K. Dahle |
| author_sort | Snorre Gulla |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Salmon gill poxvirus (SGPV) can cause serious gill disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and represents a significant problem to aquaculture industries in Northern Europe. Here, a single-tube multi-locus variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) genotyping assay, targeting eight VNTR loci, was developed for studying the epizootiology of SGPV. Through MLVA typing of SGPV positive samples from 180 farmed and wild Atlantic salmon in Northern Europe, the first molecular population study of this virus was undertaken. Comparison of resulting MLVA profiles by cluster analysis revealed considerable micro-diversity, while only a limited degree of specific clustering by country of origin could be observed, and no clustering relating to the severity of disease outbreaks. Phylogenetic analysis, based on genomic data from six SGPV specimens (three Norwegian, one Scottish, one Faroese and one Canadian), complemented and corroborated MLVA by pointing to a marked transatlantic divide in the species, with one main, relatively conserved, SGPV lineage as predominant in Europe. Within certain fjord systems and individual freshwater salmon smolt farms in Norway, however, discrete MLVA clustering patterns that prevailed over time were observed, likely reflecting local predominance of specific SGPV sub-lineages. MLVA typing was also used to refute two suspected instances of vertical SGPV transmission from salmon broodstock to offspring, and to confirm a failed disinfection attempt in one farm. These novel insights into the previously undocumented population structure of SGPV provide important clues, e.g., regarding the mechanisms underlying spread and recurrence of the virus amongst wild and farmed salmon populations, but so far no indications of more or less virulent SGPV sub-lineages have been found. The MLVA scheme represents a highly sensitive genotyping tool particularly well suited for illuminating SGPV infection routes, and adds to the relatively low number of MLVA protocols that have so far been published for viral species. Typing is reasonably inexpensive, with a moderate technological requirement, and may be completed within a single working day. Resulting MLVA profiles can be readily shared and compared across laboratories, facilitating rapid placement of samples in an international ezpizootiological context. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T00:21:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-eddb35c7107146aca927455cfa5509d7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-302X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T00:21:04Z |
| publishDate | 2020-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-eddb35c7107146aca927455cfa5509d72022-12-21T19:22:06ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Microbiology1664-302X2020-05-011110.3389/fmicb.2020.01071537584Genotyping of Salmon Gill Poxvirus Reveals One Main Predominant Lineage in Europe, Featuring Fjord- and Fish Farm-Specific Sub-LineagesSnorre Gulla0Torstein Tengs1Saima Nasrin Mohammad2Mona Gjessing3Åse Helen Garseth4Karoline Sveinsson5Torfinn Moldal6Petra E. Petersen7Brit Tørud8Ole Bendik Dale9Maria K. Dahle10Maria K. Dahle11Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Molecular Biology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, NorwayNorwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, NorwayNorwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, NorwayNorwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, NorwayNorwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, NorwayNorwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, NorwayFaroese Food and Veterinary Authority, Tórshavn, Faroe IslandsNorwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, NorwayNorwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, NorwayNorwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, NorwayThe Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, NorwaySalmon gill poxvirus (SGPV) can cause serious gill disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and represents a significant problem to aquaculture industries in Northern Europe. Here, a single-tube multi-locus variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) genotyping assay, targeting eight VNTR loci, was developed for studying the epizootiology of SGPV. Through MLVA typing of SGPV positive samples from 180 farmed and wild Atlantic salmon in Northern Europe, the first molecular population study of this virus was undertaken. Comparison of resulting MLVA profiles by cluster analysis revealed considerable micro-diversity, while only a limited degree of specific clustering by country of origin could be observed, and no clustering relating to the severity of disease outbreaks. Phylogenetic analysis, based on genomic data from six SGPV specimens (three Norwegian, one Scottish, one Faroese and one Canadian), complemented and corroborated MLVA by pointing to a marked transatlantic divide in the species, with one main, relatively conserved, SGPV lineage as predominant in Europe. Within certain fjord systems and individual freshwater salmon smolt farms in Norway, however, discrete MLVA clustering patterns that prevailed over time were observed, likely reflecting local predominance of specific SGPV sub-lineages. MLVA typing was also used to refute two suspected instances of vertical SGPV transmission from salmon broodstock to offspring, and to confirm a failed disinfection attempt in one farm. These novel insights into the previously undocumented population structure of SGPV provide important clues, e.g., regarding the mechanisms underlying spread and recurrence of the virus amongst wild and farmed salmon populations, but so far no indications of more or less virulent SGPV sub-lineages have been found. The MLVA scheme represents a highly sensitive genotyping tool particularly well suited for illuminating SGPV infection routes, and adds to the relatively low number of MLVA protocols that have so far been published for viral species. Typing is reasonably inexpensive, with a moderate technological requirement, and may be completed within a single working day. Resulting MLVA profiles can be readily shared and compared across laboratories, facilitating rapid placement of samples in an international ezpizootiological context.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01071/fullsalmon gill poxvirus (SGPV)MLVAVNTRmicrosatellitegenotypingfish disease |
| spellingShingle | Snorre Gulla Torstein Tengs Saima Nasrin Mohammad Mona Gjessing Åse Helen Garseth Karoline Sveinsson Torfinn Moldal Petra E. Petersen Brit Tørud Ole Bendik Dale Maria K. Dahle Maria K. Dahle Genotyping of Salmon Gill Poxvirus Reveals One Main Predominant Lineage in Europe, Featuring Fjord- and Fish Farm-Specific Sub-Lineages Frontiers in Microbiology salmon gill poxvirus (SGPV) MLVA VNTR microsatellite genotyping fish disease |
| title | Genotyping of Salmon Gill Poxvirus Reveals One Main Predominant Lineage in Europe, Featuring Fjord- and Fish Farm-Specific Sub-Lineages |
| title_full | Genotyping of Salmon Gill Poxvirus Reveals One Main Predominant Lineage in Europe, Featuring Fjord- and Fish Farm-Specific Sub-Lineages |
| title_fullStr | Genotyping of Salmon Gill Poxvirus Reveals One Main Predominant Lineage in Europe, Featuring Fjord- and Fish Farm-Specific Sub-Lineages |
| title_full_unstemmed | Genotyping of Salmon Gill Poxvirus Reveals One Main Predominant Lineage in Europe, Featuring Fjord- and Fish Farm-Specific Sub-Lineages |
| title_short | Genotyping of Salmon Gill Poxvirus Reveals One Main Predominant Lineage in Europe, Featuring Fjord- and Fish Farm-Specific Sub-Lineages |
| title_sort | genotyping of salmon gill poxvirus reveals one main predominant lineage in europe featuring fjord and fish farm specific sub lineages |
| topic | salmon gill poxvirus (SGPV) MLVA VNTR microsatellite genotyping fish disease |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01071/full |
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