Dietary sodium to potassium ratio is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events: a longitudinal follow-up study
Abstract Background The current prospective cohort study aimed to explore the potential associations between dietary sodium (Na), potassium (K), and sodium-to-potassium (Na-to-K) ratio with an incidence risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among Iranian adults. Methods The participants of the Tehran...
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| Format: | Article |
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BMC
2023-04-01
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| Series: | BMC Public Health |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15618-7 |
| _version_ | 1797840825456001024 |
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| author | Zahra Mosallanezhad Mohammad Jalali Zahra Bahadoran Parvin Mirmiran Fereidoun Azizi |
| author_facet | Zahra Mosallanezhad Mohammad Jalali Zahra Bahadoran Parvin Mirmiran Fereidoun Azizi |
| author_sort | Zahra Mosallanezhad |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background The current prospective cohort study aimed to explore the potential associations between dietary sodium (Na), potassium (K), and sodium-to-potassium (Na-to-K) ratio with an incidence risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among Iranian adults. Methods The participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (men and women aged 30–84 years, n = 2050), free of CVD at baseline (2006–2008) were included. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and incident CVD (i.e., coronary heart disease, stroke, and CVD mortality) were documented up to March 2018. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) regarding the association between dietary Na, K, and Na-to-K ratio with CVD events. Results During a median follow-up of 10.6 years, 10.14% of participants experienced CVD outcomes. A 41% increased risk of CVD in relation to each increase in 1000 mg/d of Na intake. In the fully-adjusted model, higher Na intake (> 4143 versus < 3049 mg/d) was significantly related to the increased risk of CVD (HR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.06–3.74). Independent of the well-known risk factors, a 56% reduced risk of CVD was observed in the participants with a higher dietary K intake (HR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.20–0.94). A Higher Na-to-K ratio was associated with an increased risk of CVD (HR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.13–3.52). Conclusion Our study showed that the Na-to-K ratio might independently predict future risk of CVD events in adults. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-09T16:21:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ede7fb082ad9413d89ab7c2263165f67 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1471-2458 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-09T16:21:03Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Public Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-ede7fb082ad9413d89ab7c2263165f672023-04-23T11:30:48ZengBMCBMC Public Health1471-24582023-04-012311810.1186/s12889-023-15618-7Dietary sodium to potassium ratio is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events: a longitudinal follow-up studyZahra Mosallanezhad0Mohammad Jalali1Zahra Bahadoran2Parvin Mirmiran3Fereidoun Azizi4Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesNutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesNutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesEndocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesAbstract Background The current prospective cohort study aimed to explore the potential associations between dietary sodium (Na), potassium (K), and sodium-to-potassium (Na-to-K) ratio with an incidence risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among Iranian adults. Methods The participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (men and women aged 30–84 years, n = 2050), free of CVD at baseline (2006–2008) were included. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and incident CVD (i.e., coronary heart disease, stroke, and CVD mortality) were documented up to March 2018. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) regarding the association between dietary Na, K, and Na-to-K ratio with CVD events. Results During a median follow-up of 10.6 years, 10.14% of participants experienced CVD outcomes. A 41% increased risk of CVD in relation to each increase in 1000 mg/d of Na intake. In the fully-adjusted model, higher Na intake (> 4143 versus < 3049 mg/d) was significantly related to the increased risk of CVD (HR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.06–3.74). Independent of the well-known risk factors, a 56% reduced risk of CVD was observed in the participants with a higher dietary K intake (HR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.20–0.94). A Higher Na-to-K ratio was associated with an increased risk of CVD (HR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.13–3.52). Conclusion Our study showed that the Na-to-K ratio might independently predict future risk of CVD events in adults.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15618-7SodiumPotassiumSodium to potassium ratioCardiovascular disease |
| spellingShingle | Zahra Mosallanezhad Mohammad Jalali Zahra Bahadoran Parvin Mirmiran Fereidoun Azizi Dietary sodium to potassium ratio is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events: a longitudinal follow-up study BMC Public Health Sodium Potassium Sodium to potassium ratio Cardiovascular disease |
| title | Dietary sodium to potassium ratio is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events: a longitudinal follow-up study |
| title_full | Dietary sodium to potassium ratio is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events: a longitudinal follow-up study |
| title_fullStr | Dietary sodium to potassium ratio is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events: a longitudinal follow-up study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dietary sodium to potassium ratio is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events: a longitudinal follow-up study |
| title_short | Dietary sodium to potassium ratio is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events: a longitudinal follow-up study |
| title_sort | dietary sodium to potassium ratio is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events a longitudinal follow up study |
| topic | Sodium Potassium Sodium to potassium ratio Cardiovascular disease |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15618-7 |
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