Interruption of Lymph Flow Worsens the Skin Inflammation Caused by Saprophytic <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>
Lymphedema is often complicated by chronic inflammation, leading to fibrosis, fat deposition, and inhibition of lymphangiogenesis. This study aimed to verify whether lymphedema itself or together with commensal bacterial flora infection contributes to the severity of local inflammation. Edema was in...
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Biomedicines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/12/3234 |
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| author | Marta Cąkała-Jakimowicz Anna Domaszewska-Szostek Monika Puzianowska-Kuznicka |
| author_facet | Marta Cąkała-Jakimowicz Anna Domaszewska-Szostek Monika Puzianowska-Kuznicka |
| author_sort | Marta Cąkała-Jakimowicz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Lymphedema is often complicated by chronic inflammation, leading to fibrosis, fat deposition, and inhibition of lymphangiogenesis. This study aimed to verify whether lymphedema itself or together with commensal bacterial flora infection contributes to the severity of local inflammation. Edema was induced by interruption of the lymph flow in the rat’s hind limb. Immune cell infiltrates were examined by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Nine-day edema alone did not affect immune cell content in the skin but resulted in a decrease in CD4<sup>+</sup> T helper lymphocytes and monocytes in the draining popliteal lymph nodes. In turn, local saprophytic <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> infection of the edematous limb resulted in dense infiltrates of CD68<sup>+</sup> macrophages and monocytes, MHC class II antigen-presenting cells, CD90<sup>+</sup> stem cells, thymocytes, and immature B cells in the skin, accompanied by a simultaneous reduction in density of CD4<sup>+</sup> T helper lymphocytes and monocytes, OX62<sup>+</sup> dendritic cells, CD68<sup>+</sup> macrophages and monocytes, HiS48<sup>+</sup> granulocytes, CD90<sup>+</sup> stem cells, thymocytes, and immature B cells in the draining popliteal lymph nodes. These results indicate that the combination of edema and saprophytic bacteria infection induces severe inflammation in the peripheral tissues and results in a delay of antibacterial protection processes in neighboring lymphatic organs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:59:11Z |
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| id | doaj.art-edf1893d2e9d4614aed1e9acc2bde366 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:59:11Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj.art-edf1893d2e9d4614aed1e9acc2bde3662023-12-22T13:55:03ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592023-12-011112323410.3390/biomedicines11123234Interruption of Lymph Flow Worsens the Skin Inflammation Caused by Saprophytic <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>Marta Cąkała-Jakimowicz0Anna Domaszewska-Szostek1Monika Puzianowska-Kuznicka2Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, PolandDepartment of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, PolandLymphedema is often complicated by chronic inflammation, leading to fibrosis, fat deposition, and inhibition of lymphangiogenesis. This study aimed to verify whether lymphedema itself or together with commensal bacterial flora infection contributes to the severity of local inflammation. Edema was induced by interruption of the lymph flow in the rat’s hind limb. Immune cell infiltrates were examined by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Nine-day edema alone did not affect immune cell content in the skin but resulted in a decrease in CD4<sup>+</sup> T helper lymphocytes and monocytes in the draining popliteal lymph nodes. In turn, local saprophytic <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> infection of the edematous limb resulted in dense infiltrates of CD68<sup>+</sup> macrophages and monocytes, MHC class II antigen-presenting cells, CD90<sup>+</sup> stem cells, thymocytes, and immature B cells in the skin, accompanied by a simultaneous reduction in density of CD4<sup>+</sup> T helper lymphocytes and monocytes, OX62<sup>+</sup> dendritic cells, CD68<sup>+</sup> macrophages and monocytes, HiS48<sup>+</sup> granulocytes, CD90<sup>+</sup> stem cells, thymocytes, and immature B cells in the draining popliteal lymph nodes. These results indicate that the combination of edema and saprophytic bacteria infection induces severe inflammation in the peripheral tissues and results in a delay of antibacterial protection processes in neighboring lymphatic organs.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/12/3234lymphedemalymph nodeinflammationimmune cellssaprophytic flora<i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> |
| spellingShingle | Marta Cąkała-Jakimowicz Anna Domaszewska-Szostek Monika Puzianowska-Kuznicka Interruption of Lymph Flow Worsens the Skin Inflammation Caused by Saprophytic <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> Biomedicines lymphedema lymph node inflammation immune cells saprophytic flora <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> |
| title | Interruption of Lymph Flow Worsens the Skin Inflammation Caused by Saprophytic <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> |
| title_full | Interruption of Lymph Flow Worsens the Skin Inflammation Caused by Saprophytic <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> |
| title_fullStr | Interruption of Lymph Flow Worsens the Skin Inflammation Caused by Saprophytic <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Interruption of Lymph Flow Worsens the Skin Inflammation Caused by Saprophytic <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> |
| title_short | Interruption of Lymph Flow Worsens the Skin Inflammation Caused by Saprophytic <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> |
| title_sort | interruption of lymph flow worsens the skin inflammation caused by saprophytic i staphylococcus epidermidis i |
| topic | lymphedema lymph node inflammation immune cells saprophytic flora <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/12/3234 |
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