Accurate and Rapid Measurement of Soil Dry Depth Using Ultrasonic Reflection Waves
Soil dry depth is a key parameter that determines soil fertility and nutrient availability, ultimately affecting crop yield and quality. However, accurately measuring the dry depth of soil has been a challenge. In this work, we propose using reflective ultrasonic waves to measure dry depth in soil....
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/5/1276 |
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| author | Zhongwei Liang Chunhui Zhao Yupeng Zhang Sheng Long Jinrui Xiao Zhuan Zhao |
| author_facet | Zhongwei Liang Chunhui Zhao Yupeng Zhang Sheng Long Jinrui Xiao Zhuan Zhao |
| author_sort | Zhongwei Liang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Soil dry depth is a key parameter that determines soil fertility and nutrient availability, ultimately affecting crop yield and quality. However, accurately measuring the dry depth of soil has been a challenge. In this work, we propose using reflective ultrasonic waves to measure dry depth in soil. Four soil types, including clay, sandy loam, silty loam, and sandy were prepared and the feasibility of the method was demonstrated through theoretical analysis. An experimental measurement system was established to verify the consistency between ultrasonic measurements and manually measured values. Two statistics were used in Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression to evaluate the model fit: R-square (R<sup>2</sup>) and Root mean square error (RMSE). The results indicate that the proposed method provides a higher accuracy in estimating the dry depth of sandy loam and silty loam (R<sup>2</sup> values of 0.9899 and 0.992 for sandy loam, RMSE values of 1.57% and 1.5% for silty loam) than those of the clay and sandy samples (R<sup>2</sup> values of 0.9896 and 0.9874 for clay, RMSE values of 1.66% and 1.77% for sandy). The maximum measurement errors for all the soil type predictions are below 6%; the overall accuracy was acceptable. Our findings suggest that ultrasonic measurement is an efficient and cost-effective approach for measuring soil dry depth, which could enable the precise control of irrigation water usage and the conservation of valuable water resources. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:02:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ee0c7388a8b34205a1a63cfe88a86eb5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:02:09Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-ee0c7388a8b34205a1a63cfe88a86eb52023-11-18T00:05:46ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952023-04-01135127610.3390/agronomy13051276Accurate and Rapid Measurement of Soil Dry Depth Using Ultrasonic Reflection WavesZhongwei Liang0Chunhui Zhao1Yupeng Zhang2Sheng Long3Jinrui Xiao4Zhuan Zhao5Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Highly Efficient Utility of Water/Fertilizers and Solar-Energy Intelligent Irrigation, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaGuangdong Engineering Research Centre for Highly Efficient Utility of Water/Fertilizers and Solar-Energy Intelligent Irrigation, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaChina-Ukraine Institute of Welding, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, ChinaGuangdong Engineering Research Centre for Highly Efficient Utility of Water/Fertilizers and Solar-Energy Intelligent Irrigation, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaSchool of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaSchool of Physics and Materials Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaSoil dry depth is a key parameter that determines soil fertility and nutrient availability, ultimately affecting crop yield and quality. However, accurately measuring the dry depth of soil has been a challenge. In this work, we propose using reflective ultrasonic waves to measure dry depth in soil. Four soil types, including clay, sandy loam, silty loam, and sandy were prepared and the feasibility of the method was demonstrated through theoretical analysis. An experimental measurement system was established to verify the consistency between ultrasonic measurements and manually measured values. Two statistics were used in Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression to evaluate the model fit: R-square (R<sup>2</sup>) and Root mean square error (RMSE). The results indicate that the proposed method provides a higher accuracy in estimating the dry depth of sandy loam and silty loam (R<sup>2</sup> values of 0.9899 and 0.992 for sandy loam, RMSE values of 1.57% and 1.5% for silty loam) than those of the clay and sandy samples (R<sup>2</sup> values of 0.9896 and 0.9874 for clay, RMSE values of 1.66% and 1.77% for sandy). The maximum measurement errors for all the soil type predictions are below 6%; the overall accuracy was acceptable. Our findings suggest that ultrasonic measurement is an efficient and cost-effective approach for measuring soil dry depth, which could enable the precise control of irrigation water usage and the conservation of valuable water resources.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/5/1276soil dry depthultrasonic wavemeasurement error |
| spellingShingle | Zhongwei Liang Chunhui Zhao Yupeng Zhang Sheng Long Jinrui Xiao Zhuan Zhao Accurate and Rapid Measurement of Soil Dry Depth Using Ultrasonic Reflection Waves Agronomy soil dry depth ultrasonic wave measurement error |
| title | Accurate and Rapid Measurement of Soil Dry Depth Using Ultrasonic Reflection Waves |
| title_full | Accurate and Rapid Measurement of Soil Dry Depth Using Ultrasonic Reflection Waves |
| title_fullStr | Accurate and Rapid Measurement of Soil Dry Depth Using Ultrasonic Reflection Waves |
| title_full_unstemmed | Accurate and Rapid Measurement of Soil Dry Depth Using Ultrasonic Reflection Waves |
| title_short | Accurate and Rapid Measurement of Soil Dry Depth Using Ultrasonic Reflection Waves |
| title_sort | accurate and rapid measurement of soil dry depth using ultrasonic reflection waves |
| topic | soil dry depth ultrasonic wave measurement error |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/5/1276 |
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