Effects of Human Activity on Markers of Oxidative Stress in the Intestine of <i>Holothuria tubulosa</i>, with Special Reference to the Presence of Microplastics
Pollution in the seas and oceans is a global problem, which highlights emerging pollutants and plastics, specifically microplastics (MPs), which are tiny (1 μm to 5 mm) ubiquitous plastic particles present in marine environments that can be ingested by a wide range of organisms. Holothurians are ben...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/16/9018 |
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| author | Jessica Lombardo Antònia Solomando Amanda Cohen-Sánchez Samuel Pinya Silvia Tejada Pere Ferriol Guillem Mateu-Vicens Antonio Box Caterina Faggio Antoni Sureda |
| author_facet | Jessica Lombardo Antònia Solomando Amanda Cohen-Sánchez Samuel Pinya Silvia Tejada Pere Ferriol Guillem Mateu-Vicens Antonio Box Caterina Faggio Antoni Sureda |
| author_sort | Jessica Lombardo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Pollution in the seas and oceans is a global problem, which highlights emerging pollutants and plastics, specifically microplastics (MPs), which are tiny (1 μm to 5 mm) ubiquitous plastic particles present in marine environments that can be ingested by a wide range of organisms. Holothurians are benthic organisms that feed on sediment; therefore, they can be exposed to contaminants present in the particles they ingest. The objective was to evaluate the effects of human activity on <i>Holothuria tubulosa</i> through the study of biomarkers. Specimens were collected in three different areas throughout the island of Eivissa, Spain: (1) a highly urbanized area, with tourist uses and a marina; (2) an urbanized area close to the mouth of a torrent; (3) an area devoid of human activity and considered clean. The results showed a higher presence of microplastics (MPs) in the sediments from the highly urbanized area in relation to the other two areas studied. Similarly, a higher number of MPs were observed in the digestive tract of <i>H. tubulosa</i> from the most affected area, decreasing with the degree of anthropic influence. Both in the sediment and in the holothurians, fibers predominated with more than 75% of the items. In the three areas, mesoplastics were analyzed by means of FTIR, showing that the main polymer was polypropylene (27%) followed by low-density polyethylene (17%) and polystyrene (16%). Regarding the biomarkers of oxidative stress, the intestine of <i>H. tubulosa</i> from the most impacted areas showed higher catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GRd), and glutathione <i>S</i>-transferase (GST) activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels compared to the control area. The intermediate area only presented significant differences in GRd and GST with respect to the clean area. The activities of acetylcholinesterase and the levels and malondialdehyde presented similar values in all areas. In conclusion, human activity evaluated with the presence of MPs induced an antioxidant response in <i>H. tubulosa</i>, although without evidence of oxidative damage or neurotoxicity. <i>H. tubulosa</i>, due to its benthic animal characteristics and easy handling, can be a useful species for monitoring purposes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:21:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ee1bf562711b45108bffc00069a3a291 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:21:28Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-ee1bf562711b45108bffc00069a3a2912023-12-03T13:47:58ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-08-012316901810.3390/ijms23169018Effects of Human Activity on Markers of Oxidative Stress in the Intestine of <i>Holothuria tubulosa</i>, with Special Reference to the Presence of MicroplasticsJessica Lombardo0Antònia Solomando1Amanda Cohen-Sánchez2Samuel Pinya3Silvia Tejada4Pere Ferriol5Guillem Mateu-Vicens6Antonio Box7Caterina Faggio8Antoni Sureda9Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyResearch Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress (NUCOX), University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, SpainResearch Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress (NUCOX), University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, SpainInterdisciplinary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, SpainLaboratory of Neurophysiology, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, SpainInterdisciplinary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, SpainInterdisciplinary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, SpainDepartment of Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca, Caça i Cooperació Municipal, Consell Insular d’Eivissa, 07800 Eivissa, SpainDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, ItalyResearch Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress (NUCOX), University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, SpainPollution in the seas and oceans is a global problem, which highlights emerging pollutants and plastics, specifically microplastics (MPs), which are tiny (1 μm to 5 mm) ubiquitous plastic particles present in marine environments that can be ingested by a wide range of organisms. Holothurians are benthic organisms that feed on sediment; therefore, they can be exposed to contaminants present in the particles they ingest. The objective was to evaluate the effects of human activity on <i>Holothuria tubulosa</i> through the study of biomarkers. Specimens were collected in three different areas throughout the island of Eivissa, Spain: (1) a highly urbanized area, with tourist uses and a marina; (2) an urbanized area close to the mouth of a torrent; (3) an area devoid of human activity and considered clean. The results showed a higher presence of microplastics (MPs) in the sediments from the highly urbanized area in relation to the other two areas studied. Similarly, a higher number of MPs were observed in the digestive tract of <i>H. tubulosa</i> from the most affected area, decreasing with the degree of anthropic influence. Both in the sediment and in the holothurians, fibers predominated with more than 75% of the items. In the three areas, mesoplastics were analyzed by means of FTIR, showing that the main polymer was polypropylene (27%) followed by low-density polyethylene (17%) and polystyrene (16%). Regarding the biomarkers of oxidative stress, the intestine of <i>H. tubulosa</i> from the most impacted areas showed higher catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GRd), and glutathione <i>S</i>-transferase (GST) activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels compared to the control area. The intermediate area only presented significant differences in GRd and GST with respect to the clean area. The activities of acetylcholinesterase and the levels and malondialdehyde presented similar values in all areas. In conclusion, human activity evaluated with the presence of MPs induced an antioxidant response in <i>H. tubulosa</i>, although without evidence of oxidative damage or neurotoxicity. <i>H. tubulosa</i>, due to its benthic animal characteristics and easy handling, can be a useful species for monitoring purposes.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/16/9018holothuriansmicroplasticsbiomarkersoxidative stresspollutionBalearic Islands |
| spellingShingle | Jessica Lombardo Antònia Solomando Amanda Cohen-Sánchez Samuel Pinya Silvia Tejada Pere Ferriol Guillem Mateu-Vicens Antonio Box Caterina Faggio Antoni Sureda Effects of Human Activity on Markers of Oxidative Stress in the Intestine of <i>Holothuria tubulosa</i>, with Special Reference to the Presence of Microplastics International Journal of Molecular Sciences holothurians microplastics biomarkers oxidative stress pollution Balearic Islands |
| title | Effects of Human Activity on Markers of Oxidative Stress in the Intestine of <i>Holothuria tubulosa</i>, with Special Reference to the Presence of Microplastics |
| title_full | Effects of Human Activity on Markers of Oxidative Stress in the Intestine of <i>Holothuria tubulosa</i>, with Special Reference to the Presence of Microplastics |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Human Activity on Markers of Oxidative Stress in the Intestine of <i>Holothuria tubulosa</i>, with Special Reference to the Presence of Microplastics |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Human Activity on Markers of Oxidative Stress in the Intestine of <i>Holothuria tubulosa</i>, with Special Reference to the Presence of Microplastics |
| title_short | Effects of Human Activity on Markers of Oxidative Stress in the Intestine of <i>Holothuria tubulosa</i>, with Special Reference to the Presence of Microplastics |
| title_sort | effects of human activity on markers of oxidative stress in the intestine of i holothuria tubulosa i with special reference to the presence of microplastics |
| topic | holothurians microplastics biomarkers oxidative stress pollution Balearic Islands |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/16/9018 |
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