The Use of Soil Conditioners to Ensure a Sustainable Wheat Yield under Water Deficit Conditions by Enhancing the Physiological and Antioxidant Potentials
Traditional mulch material (farmyard manure) has long been used in agriculture. However, recent developments have also introduced the scientific community and farmers to advanced chemicals such as potassium polyacrylamide (KPAM), which has revolutionised the concept of the soil water-holding capacit...
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/11/3/368 |
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| author | Muhammad Kashif Ejaz Muhammad Aurangzaib Rashid Iqbal Muhammad Shahzaman Muhammad Habib-ur-Rahman Mohamed El-Sharnouby Rahul Datta Fahad M. Alzuaibr Mohamed I. Sakran Chukwuma C. Ogbaga Ayman EL Sabagh |
| author_facet | Muhammad Kashif Ejaz Muhammad Aurangzaib Rashid Iqbal Muhammad Shahzaman Muhammad Habib-ur-Rahman Mohamed El-Sharnouby Rahul Datta Fahad M. Alzuaibr Mohamed I. Sakran Chukwuma C. Ogbaga Ayman EL Sabagh |
| author_sort | Muhammad Kashif Ejaz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Traditional mulch material (farmyard manure) has long been used in agriculture. However, recent developments have also introduced the scientific community and farmers to advanced chemicals such as potassium polyacrylamide (KPAM), which has revolutionised the concept of the soil water-holding capacity to many compared with other materials being used. To compare the effect of different organic and inorganic soil amendment materials under water stress conditions, a two-year (2018 and 2019) field study was conducted. The main plots consisted of irrigation treatments, i.e., I<sub>0</sub> (control irrigation), I<sub>1</sub> (drought-induced by skipping irrigation at the 4th leaf stage), and I<sub>2</sub> (drought-induced by skipping irrigation at the anthesis stage). The subplots included a control treatment and soil amended with different conditioners such as potassium polyacrylamide (KPAM, 30 kg/ha), farmyard manure (FYM, 4 tons/ha), and biochar (10 tons/ha); these were mixed thoroughly with the soil before sowing. The results showed a significant reduction in the water relation parameters (water potential up to 35.77% and relative water content up to 21%), gas exchange parameters (net CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation rate up to 28.85%, stomatal conductance up to 43.18%, and transpiration rate up to 49.07%), and yield attributes (biological yield up to 8.45% and grain yield up to 32.22%) under drought stress conditions. In addition, water stress also induced an increase in the synthesis of osmoprotectants (proline up to 77.74%, total soluble sugars up to 27.43%, and total free amino acids up to 11.73%). Among all the soil conditioners used, KPAM significantly reduced the negative effects of drought stress on the wheat plants. Thus, it could be concluded that the use of soil conditioners is a promising method for dealing with the negative consequences of drought stress for achieving sustainable crop yields. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:37:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ee2738909529457888d4ce02fe31c2e7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-445X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:37:36Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Land |
| spelling | doaj.art-ee2738909529457888d4ce02fe31c2e72023-11-30T21:10:53ZengMDPI AGLand2073-445X2022-03-0111336810.3390/land11030368The Use of Soil Conditioners to Ensure a Sustainable Wheat Yield under Water Deficit Conditions by Enhancing the Physiological and Antioxidant PotentialsMuhammad Kashif Ejaz0Muhammad Aurangzaib1Rashid Iqbal2Muhammad Shahzaman3Muhammad Habib-ur-Rahman4Mohamed El-Sharnouby5Rahul Datta6Fahad M. Alzuaibr7Mohamed I. Sakran8Chukwuma C. Ogbaga9Ayman EL Sabagh10Department of Agronomy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, PakistanDepartment of Agronomy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, PakistanDepartment of Agronomy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, PakistanSchool of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaCrop Science, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, GermanyDepartment of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 61300 Brno, Czech RepublicDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi ArabiaBiochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47512, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Airport Road, Abuja 900001, NigeriaDepartment of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, EgyptTraditional mulch material (farmyard manure) has long been used in agriculture. However, recent developments have also introduced the scientific community and farmers to advanced chemicals such as potassium polyacrylamide (KPAM), which has revolutionised the concept of the soil water-holding capacity to many compared with other materials being used. To compare the effect of different organic and inorganic soil amendment materials under water stress conditions, a two-year (2018 and 2019) field study was conducted. The main plots consisted of irrigation treatments, i.e., I<sub>0</sub> (control irrigation), I<sub>1</sub> (drought-induced by skipping irrigation at the 4th leaf stage), and I<sub>2</sub> (drought-induced by skipping irrigation at the anthesis stage). The subplots included a control treatment and soil amended with different conditioners such as potassium polyacrylamide (KPAM, 30 kg/ha), farmyard manure (FYM, 4 tons/ha), and biochar (10 tons/ha); these were mixed thoroughly with the soil before sowing. The results showed a significant reduction in the water relation parameters (water potential up to 35.77% and relative water content up to 21%), gas exchange parameters (net CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation rate up to 28.85%, stomatal conductance up to 43.18%, and transpiration rate up to 49.07%), and yield attributes (biological yield up to 8.45% and grain yield up to 32.22%) under drought stress conditions. In addition, water stress also induced an increase in the synthesis of osmoprotectants (proline up to 77.74%, total soluble sugars up to 27.43%, and total free amino acids up to 11.73%). Among all the soil conditioners used, KPAM significantly reduced the negative effects of drought stress on the wheat plants. Thus, it could be concluded that the use of soil conditioners is a promising method for dealing with the negative consequences of drought stress for achieving sustainable crop yields.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/11/3/368wheatdrought stressKPAMfarmyard manurebiocharwater relations |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Kashif Ejaz Muhammad Aurangzaib Rashid Iqbal Muhammad Shahzaman Muhammad Habib-ur-Rahman Mohamed El-Sharnouby Rahul Datta Fahad M. Alzuaibr Mohamed I. Sakran Chukwuma C. Ogbaga Ayman EL Sabagh The Use of Soil Conditioners to Ensure a Sustainable Wheat Yield under Water Deficit Conditions by Enhancing the Physiological and Antioxidant Potentials Land wheat drought stress KPAM farmyard manure biochar water relations |
| title | The Use of Soil Conditioners to Ensure a Sustainable Wheat Yield under Water Deficit Conditions by Enhancing the Physiological and Antioxidant Potentials |
| title_full | The Use of Soil Conditioners to Ensure a Sustainable Wheat Yield under Water Deficit Conditions by Enhancing the Physiological and Antioxidant Potentials |
| title_fullStr | The Use of Soil Conditioners to Ensure a Sustainable Wheat Yield under Water Deficit Conditions by Enhancing the Physiological and Antioxidant Potentials |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Use of Soil Conditioners to Ensure a Sustainable Wheat Yield under Water Deficit Conditions by Enhancing the Physiological and Antioxidant Potentials |
| title_short | The Use of Soil Conditioners to Ensure a Sustainable Wheat Yield under Water Deficit Conditions by Enhancing the Physiological and Antioxidant Potentials |
| title_sort | use of soil conditioners to ensure a sustainable wheat yield under water deficit conditions by enhancing the physiological and antioxidant potentials |
| topic | wheat drought stress KPAM farmyard manure biochar water relations |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/11/3/368 |
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