SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Response and the Pathogenesis of COVID-19
The review aims to consolidate research findings on the molecular mechanisms and virulence and pathogenicity characteristics of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and their relevance to four typical stages in the development...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-02-01
|
| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/3/1716 |
| _version_ | 1797487274988929024 |
|---|---|
| author | Evgenii Gusev Alexey Sarapultsev Liliya Solomatina Valeriy Chereshnev |
| author_facet | Evgenii Gusev Alexey Sarapultsev Liliya Solomatina Valeriy Chereshnev |
| author_sort | Evgenii Gusev |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The review aims to consolidate research findings on the molecular mechanisms and virulence and pathogenicity characteristics of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and their relevance to four typical stages in the development of acute viral infection. These four stages are invasion; primary blockade of antiviral innate immunity; engagement of the virus’s protection mechanisms against the factors of adaptive immunity; and acute, long-term complications of COVID-19. The invasion stage entails the recognition of the spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 target cell receptors, namely, the main receptor (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, ACE2), its coreceptors, and potential alternative receptors. The presence of a diverse repertoire of receptors allows SARS-CoV-2 to infect various types of cells, including those not expressing ACE2. During the second stage, the majority of the polyfunctional structural, non-structural, and extra proteins SARS-CoV-2 synthesizes in infected cells are involved in the primary blockage of antiviral innate immunity. A high degree of redundancy and systemic action characterizing these pathogenic factors allows SARS-CoV-2 to overcome antiviral mechanisms at the initial stages of invasion. The third stage includes passive and active protection of the virus from factors of adaptive immunity, overcoming of the barrier function at the focus of inflammation, and generalization of SARS-CoV-2 in the body. The fourth stage is associated with the deployment of variants of acute and long-term complications of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2’s ability to induce autoimmune and autoinflammatory pathways of tissue invasion and development of both immunosuppressive and hyperergic mechanisms of systemic inflammation is critical at this stage of infection. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:45:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ee7932bc2abc420eb40a8bd2f906b15d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:45:18Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-ee7932bc2abc420eb40a8bd2f906b15d2023-11-23T16:45:27ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-02-01233171610.3390/ijms23031716SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Response and the Pathogenesis of COVID-19Evgenii Gusev0Alexey Sarapultsev1Liliya Solomatina2Valeriy Chereshnev3Laboratory of Immunology of Inflammation, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, RussiaLaboratory of Immunology of Inflammation, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, RussiaLaboratory of Immunology of Inflammation, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, RussiaLaboratory of Immunology of Inflammation, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, RussiaThe review aims to consolidate research findings on the molecular mechanisms and virulence and pathogenicity characteristics of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and their relevance to four typical stages in the development of acute viral infection. These four stages are invasion; primary blockade of antiviral innate immunity; engagement of the virus’s protection mechanisms against the factors of adaptive immunity; and acute, long-term complications of COVID-19. The invasion stage entails the recognition of the spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 target cell receptors, namely, the main receptor (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, ACE2), its coreceptors, and potential alternative receptors. The presence of a diverse repertoire of receptors allows SARS-CoV-2 to infect various types of cells, including those not expressing ACE2. During the second stage, the majority of the polyfunctional structural, non-structural, and extra proteins SARS-CoV-2 synthesizes in infected cells are involved in the primary blockage of antiviral innate immunity. A high degree of redundancy and systemic action characterizing these pathogenic factors allows SARS-CoV-2 to overcome antiviral mechanisms at the initial stages of invasion. The third stage includes passive and active protection of the virus from factors of adaptive immunity, overcoming of the barrier function at the focus of inflammation, and generalization of SARS-CoV-2 in the body. The fourth stage is associated with the deployment of variants of acute and long-term complications of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2’s ability to induce autoimmune and autoinflammatory pathways of tissue invasion and development of both immunosuppressive and hyperergic mechanisms of systemic inflammation is critical at this stage of infection.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/3/1716adaptive immunityautoimmunitycellular stresscytokinesinterferonspost-COVID-19 syndrome |
| spellingShingle | Evgenii Gusev Alexey Sarapultsev Liliya Solomatina Valeriy Chereshnev SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Response and the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 International Journal of Molecular Sciences adaptive immunity autoimmunity cellular stress cytokines interferons post-COVID-19 syndrome |
| title | SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Response and the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 |
| title_full | SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Response and the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 |
| title_fullStr | SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Response and the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 |
| title_full_unstemmed | SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Response and the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 |
| title_short | SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Response and the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 |
| title_sort | sars cov 2 specific immune response and the pathogenesis of covid 19 |
| topic | adaptive immunity autoimmunity cellular stress cytokines interferons post-COVID-19 syndrome |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/3/1716 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT evgeniigusev sarscov2specificimmuneresponseandthepathogenesisofcovid19 AT alexeysarapultsev sarscov2specificimmuneresponseandthepathogenesisofcovid19 AT liliyasolomatina sarscov2specificimmuneresponseandthepathogenesisofcovid19 AT valeriychereshnev sarscov2specificimmuneresponseandthepathogenesisofcovid19 |