Cigarette Smoke Extract Produces Superoxide in Aqueous Media by Reacting with Bicarbonate
The toxicity of cigarette smoke (CS) is largely attributed to its ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Reportedly, CS generates superoxide in cell culture systems by stimulating the cells to produce superoxide and through direct chemical reactions with components of the culture media....
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/11/316 |
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| author | Jung-Min Park Haerin Jeong Yoon-Seok Seo Van Quan Do Seong-Jin Choi Kyuhong Lee Kyung-Chul Choi Won Jun Choi Moo-Yeol Lee |
| author_facet | Jung-Min Park Haerin Jeong Yoon-Seok Seo Van Quan Do Seong-Jin Choi Kyuhong Lee Kyung-Chul Choi Won Jun Choi Moo-Yeol Lee |
| author_sort | Jung-Min Park |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The toxicity of cigarette smoke (CS) is largely attributed to its ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Reportedly, CS generates superoxide in cell culture systems by stimulating the cells to produce superoxide and through direct chemical reactions with components of the culture media. In this study, we investigated CS-induced superoxide formation in biocompatible aqueous media and its characteristics. Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and total particulate matter (TPM) were prepared from the mainstream smoke of 3R4F reference cigarettes. CSE and TPM generated superoxide in Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle media (DMEM), and blood plasma, but not in distilled water and phosphate-buffered saline. Each constituent of HBSS in solution was tested, and bicarbonate was found to be responsible for the superoxide generation. More than half of the superoxide formation was abolished by pretreating CSE or TPM with peroxidase, indicating that the substrates of peroxidase, presumably peroxides and peroxy acids, mainly contributed to the superoxide production. In conclusion, the presence of bicarbonate in experimental conditions should be considered carefully in studies of the biological activity of CS. Furthermore, the local amount of bicarbonate in exposed tissues may be a determinant of tissue sensitivity to oxidative damage by CS. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:01:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ee9f594600424d369dbd6c437d0f3cbf |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:01:40Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj.art-ee9f594600424d369dbd6c437d0f3cbf2023-11-23T01:48:15ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042021-11-0191131610.3390/toxics9110316Cigarette Smoke Extract Produces Superoxide in Aqueous Media by Reacting with BicarbonateJung-Min Park0Haerin Jeong1Yoon-Seok Seo2Van Quan Do3Seong-Jin Choi4Kyuhong Lee5Kyung-Chul Choi6Won Jun Choi7Moo-Yeol Lee8BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-do, KoreaBK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-do, KoreaBK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-do, KoreaBK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-do, KoreaDepartment of Chemical Assessment, Korea Environment Corporation, Incheon 22689, KoreaInhalation Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Jeollabuk-do, KoreaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Chungbuk, KoreaBK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-do, KoreaBK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-do, KoreaThe toxicity of cigarette smoke (CS) is largely attributed to its ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Reportedly, CS generates superoxide in cell culture systems by stimulating the cells to produce superoxide and through direct chemical reactions with components of the culture media. In this study, we investigated CS-induced superoxide formation in biocompatible aqueous media and its characteristics. Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and total particulate matter (TPM) were prepared from the mainstream smoke of 3R4F reference cigarettes. CSE and TPM generated superoxide in Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle media (DMEM), and blood plasma, but not in distilled water and phosphate-buffered saline. Each constituent of HBSS in solution was tested, and bicarbonate was found to be responsible for the superoxide generation. More than half of the superoxide formation was abolished by pretreating CSE or TPM with peroxidase, indicating that the substrates of peroxidase, presumably peroxides and peroxy acids, mainly contributed to the superoxide production. In conclusion, the presence of bicarbonate in experimental conditions should be considered carefully in studies of the biological activity of CS. Furthermore, the local amount of bicarbonate in exposed tissues may be a determinant of tissue sensitivity to oxidative damage by CS.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/11/316cigarette smokereactive oxygen speciessuperoxidebicarbonate |
| spellingShingle | Jung-Min Park Haerin Jeong Yoon-Seok Seo Van Quan Do Seong-Jin Choi Kyuhong Lee Kyung-Chul Choi Won Jun Choi Moo-Yeol Lee Cigarette Smoke Extract Produces Superoxide in Aqueous Media by Reacting with Bicarbonate Toxics cigarette smoke reactive oxygen species superoxide bicarbonate |
| title | Cigarette Smoke Extract Produces Superoxide in Aqueous Media by Reacting with Bicarbonate |
| title_full | Cigarette Smoke Extract Produces Superoxide in Aqueous Media by Reacting with Bicarbonate |
| title_fullStr | Cigarette Smoke Extract Produces Superoxide in Aqueous Media by Reacting with Bicarbonate |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cigarette Smoke Extract Produces Superoxide in Aqueous Media by Reacting with Bicarbonate |
| title_short | Cigarette Smoke Extract Produces Superoxide in Aqueous Media by Reacting with Bicarbonate |
| title_sort | cigarette smoke extract produces superoxide in aqueous media by reacting with bicarbonate |
| topic | cigarette smoke reactive oxygen species superoxide bicarbonate |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/9/11/316 |
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