Monitoring the Effect of Transdermal Drug Delivery Patches on the Skin Using Terahertz Sensing
Water content of the skin is an important parameter for controlling the penetration rate of chemicals through the skin barrier; therefore, for transdermal patches designed for drug delivery to be successful, the effects of the patches on the water content of the skin must be understood. Terahertz (T...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Pharmaceutics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/12/2052 |
| _version_ | 1797501541799690240 |
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| author | Hannah Lindley-Hatcher Jiarui Wang Arturo I. Hernandez-Serrano Joseph Hardwicke Gabit Nurumbetov David M. Haddleton Emma Pickwell-MacPherson |
| author_facet | Hannah Lindley-Hatcher Jiarui Wang Arturo I. Hernandez-Serrano Joseph Hardwicke Gabit Nurumbetov David M. Haddleton Emma Pickwell-MacPherson |
| author_sort | Hannah Lindley-Hatcher |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Water content of the skin is an important parameter for controlling the penetration rate of chemicals through the skin barrier; therefore, for transdermal patches designed for drug delivery to be successful, the effects of the patches on the water content of the skin must be understood. Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy is a technique which is being increasingly investigated for biomedical applications due to its high sensitivity to water content and non-ionizing nature. In this study, we used THz measurements of the skin (in vivo) to observe the effect of partially and fully occlusive skin patches on the THz response of the skin after the patches had been applied for 24 h. We were able to observe an increase in the water content of the skin following the application of the patches and to identify that the skin remained hyper-hydrated for four hours after the removal of the fully occlusive patches. Herein, we show that THz spectroscopy has potential for increasing the understanding of how transdermal patches affect the skin, how long the skin takes to recover following patch removal, and what implications these factors might have for how transdermal drug patches are designed and used. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:19:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-eea5c878277540ab92c2bb12f84787ad |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4923 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:19:55Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmaceutics |
| spelling | doaj.art-eea5c878277540ab92c2bb12f84787ad2023-11-23T10:05:15ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232021-12-011312205210.3390/pharmaceutics13122052Monitoring the Effect of Transdermal Drug Delivery Patches on the Skin Using Terahertz SensingHannah Lindley-Hatcher0Jiarui Wang1Arturo I. Hernandez-Serrano2Joseph Hardwicke3Gabit Nurumbetov4David M. Haddleton5Emma Pickwell-MacPherson6Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UKDepartment of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, ChinaDepartment of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UKDepartment of Plastic Surgery, University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX, UKMedherant Ltd., The Venture Centre, University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry CV4 7EZ, UKDepartment of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UKDepartment of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UKWater content of the skin is an important parameter for controlling the penetration rate of chemicals through the skin barrier; therefore, for transdermal patches designed for drug delivery to be successful, the effects of the patches on the water content of the skin must be understood. Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy is a technique which is being increasingly investigated for biomedical applications due to its high sensitivity to water content and non-ionizing nature. In this study, we used THz measurements of the skin (in vivo) to observe the effect of partially and fully occlusive skin patches on the THz response of the skin after the patches had been applied for 24 h. We were able to observe an increase in the water content of the skin following the application of the patches and to identify that the skin remained hyper-hydrated for four hours after the removal of the fully occlusive patches. Herein, we show that THz spectroscopy has potential for increasing the understanding of how transdermal patches affect the skin, how long the skin takes to recover following patch removal, and what implications these factors might have for how transdermal drug patches are designed and used.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/12/2052THz time domain spectroscopytransdermal drug deliveryocclusionskin hydration |
| spellingShingle | Hannah Lindley-Hatcher Jiarui Wang Arturo I. Hernandez-Serrano Joseph Hardwicke Gabit Nurumbetov David M. Haddleton Emma Pickwell-MacPherson Monitoring the Effect of Transdermal Drug Delivery Patches on the Skin Using Terahertz Sensing Pharmaceutics THz time domain spectroscopy transdermal drug delivery occlusion skin hydration |
| title | Monitoring the Effect of Transdermal Drug Delivery Patches on the Skin Using Terahertz Sensing |
| title_full | Monitoring the Effect of Transdermal Drug Delivery Patches on the Skin Using Terahertz Sensing |
| title_fullStr | Monitoring the Effect of Transdermal Drug Delivery Patches on the Skin Using Terahertz Sensing |
| title_full_unstemmed | Monitoring the Effect of Transdermal Drug Delivery Patches on the Skin Using Terahertz Sensing |
| title_short | Monitoring the Effect of Transdermal Drug Delivery Patches on the Skin Using Terahertz Sensing |
| title_sort | monitoring the effect of transdermal drug delivery patches on the skin using terahertz sensing |
| topic | THz time domain spectroscopy transdermal drug delivery occlusion skin hydration |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/12/2052 |
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