Anti-<i>Candida</i> Activity of Extracts Containing Ellagitannins, Triterpenes and Flavonoids of <i>Terminalia brownii</i>, a Medicinal Plant Growing in Semi-Arid and Savannah Woodland in Sudan
Various parts of <i>Terminalia brownii</i> (Fresen) are used in Sudanese traditional medicine against fungal infections. The present study aimed to verify these uses by investigating the anti-<i>Candida</i> activity and phytochemistry of <i>T. brownii</i> extracts...
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Pharmaceutics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/11/2469 |
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| author | Enass Y. A. Salih Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto Olavi Luukkanen Pia Fyhrqvist |
| author_facet | Enass Y. A. Salih Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto Olavi Luukkanen Pia Fyhrqvist |
| author_sort | Enass Y. A. Salih |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Various parts of <i>Terminalia brownii</i> (Fresen) are used in Sudanese traditional medicine against fungal infections. The present study aimed to verify these uses by investigating the anti-<i>Candida</i> activity and phytochemistry of <i>T. brownii</i> extracts. Established agar diffusion and microplate dilution methods were used for the antifungal screenings. HPLC-DAD and UHPLC/QTOF-MS were used for the chemical fingerprinting of extracts and for determination of molecular masses. Large inhibition zones and MIC values of 312 µg/mL were obtained with acetone, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the leaves and acetone and methanol extracts of the roots. In addition, decoctions and macerations of the leaves and stem bark showed good activity. Sixty compounds were identified from a leaf ethyl acetate extract, showing good antifungal activity. Di-, tri- and tetra-gallotannins, chebulinic acid (eutannin) and ellagitannins, including an isomer of methyl-(<i>S</i>)-flavogallonate, terflavin B and corilagin, were detected in <i>T. brownii</i> leaves for the first time. In addition, genipin, luteolin-7-<i>O</i>-glucoside, apigenin, kaempferol-4’-sulfate, myricetin-3-rhamnoside and sericic acid were also characterized. Amongst the pure compounds present in <i>T. brownii</i> leaves, apigenin and β-sitosterol gave the strongest growth inhibitory effects. From this study, it was evident that the leaf extracts of <i>T. brownii</i> have considerable anti-<i>Candida</i> activity with MIC values ranging from 312 to 2500 µg/mL. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:04:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-eecf9755b5d94a51a9e57e893e85e3c7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4923 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:04:56Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmaceutics |
| spelling | doaj.art-eecf9755b5d94a51a9e57e893e85e3c72023-11-24T09:36:19ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232022-11-011411246910.3390/pharmaceutics14112469Anti-<i>Candida</i> Activity of Extracts Containing Ellagitannins, Triterpenes and Flavonoids of <i>Terminalia brownii</i>, a Medicinal Plant Growing in Semi-Arid and Savannah Woodland in SudanEnass Y. A. Salih0Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto1Olavi Luukkanen2Pia Fyhrqvist3Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Viikki Biocenter, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, FinlandFaculty of Science and Forestry, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, FinlandViikki Tropical Resources Institute (VITRI), Viikki Campus, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, FinlandFaculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Viikki Biocenter, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, FinlandVarious parts of <i>Terminalia brownii</i> (Fresen) are used in Sudanese traditional medicine against fungal infections. The present study aimed to verify these uses by investigating the anti-<i>Candida</i> activity and phytochemistry of <i>T. brownii</i> extracts. Established agar diffusion and microplate dilution methods were used for the antifungal screenings. HPLC-DAD and UHPLC/QTOF-MS were used for the chemical fingerprinting of extracts and for determination of molecular masses. Large inhibition zones and MIC values of 312 µg/mL were obtained with acetone, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the leaves and acetone and methanol extracts of the roots. In addition, decoctions and macerations of the leaves and stem bark showed good activity. Sixty compounds were identified from a leaf ethyl acetate extract, showing good antifungal activity. Di-, tri- and tetra-gallotannins, chebulinic acid (eutannin) and ellagitannins, including an isomer of methyl-(<i>S</i>)-flavogallonate, terflavin B and corilagin, were detected in <i>T. brownii</i> leaves for the first time. In addition, genipin, luteolin-7-<i>O</i>-glucoside, apigenin, kaempferol-4’-sulfate, myricetin-3-rhamnoside and sericic acid were also characterized. Amongst the pure compounds present in <i>T. brownii</i> leaves, apigenin and β-sitosterol gave the strongest growth inhibitory effects. From this study, it was evident that the leaf extracts of <i>T. brownii</i> have considerable anti-<i>Candida</i> activity with MIC values ranging from 312 to 2500 µg/mL.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/11/2469Africa<i>Terminalia brownii</i><i>Candida</i> spp.infectious diseasesHPLC-DAD and UHPLC/QTOF-MS |
| spellingShingle | Enass Y. A. Salih Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto Olavi Luukkanen Pia Fyhrqvist Anti-<i>Candida</i> Activity of Extracts Containing Ellagitannins, Triterpenes and Flavonoids of <i>Terminalia brownii</i>, a Medicinal Plant Growing in Semi-Arid and Savannah Woodland in Sudan Pharmaceutics Africa <i>Terminalia brownii</i> <i>Candida</i> spp. infectious diseases HPLC-DAD and UHPLC/QTOF-MS |
| title | Anti-<i>Candida</i> Activity of Extracts Containing Ellagitannins, Triterpenes and Flavonoids of <i>Terminalia brownii</i>, a Medicinal Plant Growing in Semi-Arid and Savannah Woodland in Sudan |
| title_full | Anti-<i>Candida</i> Activity of Extracts Containing Ellagitannins, Triterpenes and Flavonoids of <i>Terminalia brownii</i>, a Medicinal Plant Growing in Semi-Arid and Savannah Woodland in Sudan |
| title_fullStr | Anti-<i>Candida</i> Activity of Extracts Containing Ellagitannins, Triterpenes and Flavonoids of <i>Terminalia brownii</i>, a Medicinal Plant Growing in Semi-Arid and Savannah Woodland in Sudan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Anti-<i>Candida</i> Activity of Extracts Containing Ellagitannins, Triterpenes and Flavonoids of <i>Terminalia brownii</i>, a Medicinal Plant Growing in Semi-Arid and Savannah Woodland in Sudan |
| title_short | Anti-<i>Candida</i> Activity of Extracts Containing Ellagitannins, Triterpenes and Flavonoids of <i>Terminalia brownii</i>, a Medicinal Plant Growing in Semi-Arid and Savannah Woodland in Sudan |
| title_sort | anti i candida i activity of extracts containing ellagitannins triterpenes and flavonoids of i terminalia brownii i a medicinal plant growing in semi arid and savannah woodland in sudan |
| topic | Africa <i>Terminalia brownii</i> <i>Candida</i> spp. infectious diseases HPLC-DAD and UHPLC/QTOF-MS |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/11/2469 |
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