A Two-Echelon Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows and Battery Swapping Stations
Driven by the new laws and regulations concerning the emission of greenhouse gases, it is becoming more and more popular for enterprises to adopt cleaner energy. This research proposes a novel two-echelon vehicle routing problem consisting of mixed vehicles considering battery swapping stations, whi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/22/10779 |
| _version_ | 1797511395619635200 |
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| author | Dan Wang Hong Zhou |
| author_facet | Dan Wang Hong Zhou |
| author_sort | Dan Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Driven by the new laws and regulations concerning the emission of greenhouse gases, it is becoming more and more popular for enterprises to adopt cleaner energy. This research proposes a novel two-echelon vehicle routing problem consisting of mixed vehicles considering battery swapping stations, which includes one depot, multiple satellites with unilateral time windows, and customers with given demands. The fossil fuel-based internal combustion vehicles are employed in the first echelon, while the electric vehicles are used in the second echelon. A mixed integer programming model for this proposed problem is established in which the total cost, including transportation cost, handling cost, fixed cost of two kinds of vehicles, and recharging cost, is minimized. Moreover, based on the variable neighborhood search, a metaheuristic procedure is developed to solve the problem. To validate its effectiveness, extensive numerical experiments are conducted over the randomly generated instances of different sizes. The computational results show that the proposed metaheuristic can produce a good logistics scheme with high efficiency. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:44:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-eee6e888945546909e8c7362aead2e5b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:44:41Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-eee6e888945546909e8c7362aead2e5b2023-11-22T22:18:44ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172021-11-0111221077910.3390/app112210779A Two-Echelon Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows and Battery Swapping StationsDan Wang0Hong Zhou1School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, ChinaSchool of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, ChinaDriven by the new laws and regulations concerning the emission of greenhouse gases, it is becoming more and more popular for enterprises to adopt cleaner energy. This research proposes a novel two-echelon vehicle routing problem consisting of mixed vehicles considering battery swapping stations, which includes one depot, multiple satellites with unilateral time windows, and customers with given demands. The fossil fuel-based internal combustion vehicles are employed in the first echelon, while the electric vehicles are used in the second echelon. A mixed integer programming model for this proposed problem is established in which the total cost, including transportation cost, handling cost, fixed cost of two kinds of vehicles, and recharging cost, is minimized. Moreover, based on the variable neighborhood search, a metaheuristic procedure is developed to solve the problem. To validate its effectiveness, extensive numerical experiments are conducted over the randomly generated instances of different sizes. The computational results show that the proposed metaheuristic can produce a good logistics scheme with high efficiency.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/22/10779two-echelon vehicle routing problemselectric vehiclestime windowsvariable neighborhood search |
| spellingShingle | Dan Wang Hong Zhou A Two-Echelon Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows and Battery Swapping Stations Applied Sciences two-echelon vehicle routing problems electric vehicles time windows variable neighborhood search |
| title | A Two-Echelon Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows and Battery Swapping Stations |
| title_full | A Two-Echelon Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows and Battery Swapping Stations |
| title_fullStr | A Two-Echelon Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows and Battery Swapping Stations |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Two-Echelon Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows and Battery Swapping Stations |
| title_short | A Two-Echelon Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows and Battery Swapping Stations |
| title_sort | two echelon electric vehicle routing problem with time windows and battery swapping stations |
| topic | two-echelon vehicle routing problems electric vehicles time windows variable neighborhood search |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/22/10779 |
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