Studies of the Immunomodulatory Activity of Polysaccharides from the Stem of <i>Cynomorium songaricum</i> Based on Intestinal Microbial Analysis
Polysaccharides are the main effective components of <i>Cynomorium songaricum</i>’s stem that perform biological activities and have positive impacts on immune enhancement. In this study, the polysaccharide CSP-III of <i>Cynomorium songaricum</i>’s stem was isolated using a D...
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| author | Tong Lv Jiarong Chen Zhongmei He Weijia Chen Ying Zong Rui Du |
| author_facet | Tong Lv Jiarong Chen Zhongmei He Weijia Chen Ying Zong Rui Du |
| author_sort | Tong Lv |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Polysaccharides are the main effective components of <i>Cynomorium songaricum</i>’s stem that perform biological activities and have positive impacts on immune enhancement. In this study, the polysaccharide CSP-III of <i>Cynomorium songaricum</i>’s stem was isolated using a DEAE-52 cellulose column through Sephadex G-100 gel column chromatography. Upon analysis, the monosaccharide composition of CSP-III included Mannose (Man), Glucuronic acid (GlcA), Galacturonic acid (GalA), Rhamnose (Rha), Glucose (Glc), Galactose (Gal), and Arabinose (Ara), at a molar ratio of 0.01:0.11:0.03:0.57:0.02:0.32:1. The molecular weight of CSP-III was 4018234 Da. Meanwhile, the capacity of CSP-III, at various concentrations, to stimulate the proliferation of mouse spleen lymphocytes in vitro was compared, and the influence of CSP-III on cell proliferation was examined using RAW264.7 mouse mononuclear macrophages as a model. The influence of CSP-III on the expression of important phosphorylating proteins in the MAPK signaling pathway was initially analyzed by Western blotting. In RAW264.7 cells, CSP-III promoted the phosphorylation of JNK proteins, which thus activated the MAPK signaling cascade and exerted immunomodulatory effects. Moreover, according to in vivo studies using cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppression mouse models, CSP-III improved the CTX-induced histopathological damage, promoted T and B lymphocyte proliferation, upregulated CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte counts in the spleen, increased the serum levels of IgG and IgM, and activated three essential proteins of the MAPK signaling pathway. As revealed by analysis of intestinal flora, CSP-III improved the immune function by maintaining the homeostasis of the bacterial flora by boosting the relative abundances of some beneficial bacterial groups, such as Bacteroidetes, Desmodium, and Actinomyces, and reducing the relative abundance of Aspergillus phylum. Through in vitro and in vivo experiments, our present study demonstrates that polysaccharides from the stem of <i>Cynomorium songaricum</i> possess strong immunoregulatory effects. Findings in this work provide theoretical support for the potential application of <i>Cynomorium songaricum</i> in the field of health food. |
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ef11645da6ef4912908c24110170e3fc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T15:01:54Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-ef11645da6ef4912908c24110170e3fc2024-01-10T15:04:18ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-12-0129114310.3390/molecules29010143Studies of the Immunomodulatory Activity of Polysaccharides from the Stem of <i>Cynomorium songaricum</i> Based on Intestinal Microbial AnalysisTong Lv0Jiarong Chen1Zhongmei He2Weijia Chen3Ying Zong4Rui Du5College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, ChinaCollege of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, ChinaCollege of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, ChinaCollege of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, ChinaCollege of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, ChinaCollege of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, ChinaPolysaccharides are the main effective components of <i>Cynomorium songaricum</i>’s stem that perform biological activities and have positive impacts on immune enhancement. In this study, the polysaccharide CSP-III of <i>Cynomorium songaricum</i>’s stem was isolated using a DEAE-52 cellulose column through Sephadex G-100 gel column chromatography. Upon analysis, the monosaccharide composition of CSP-III included Mannose (Man), Glucuronic acid (GlcA), Galacturonic acid (GalA), Rhamnose (Rha), Glucose (Glc), Galactose (Gal), and Arabinose (Ara), at a molar ratio of 0.01:0.11:0.03:0.57:0.02:0.32:1. The molecular weight of CSP-III was 4018234 Da. Meanwhile, the capacity of CSP-III, at various concentrations, to stimulate the proliferation of mouse spleen lymphocytes in vitro was compared, and the influence of CSP-III on cell proliferation was examined using RAW264.7 mouse mononuclear macrophages as a model. The influence of CSP-III on the expression of important phosphorylating proteins in the MAPK signaling pathway was initially analyzed by Western blotting. In RAW264.7 cells, CSP-III promoted the phosphorylation of JNK proteins, which thus activated the MAPK signaling cascade and exerted immunomodulatory effects. Moreover, according to in vivo studies using cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppression mouse models, CSP-III improved the CTX-induced histopathological damage, promoted T and B lymphocyte proliferation, upregulated CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte counts in the spleen, increased the serum levels of IgG and IgM, and activated three essential proteins of the MAPK signaling pathway. As revealed by analysis of intestinal flora, CSP-III improved the immune function by maintaining the homeostasis of the bacterial flora by boosting the relative abundances of some beneficial bacterial groups, such as Bacteroidetes, Desmodium, and Actinomyces, and reducing the relative abundance of Aspergillus phylum. Through in vitro and in vivo experiments, our present study demonstrates that polysaccharides from the stem of <i>Cynomorium songaricum</i> possess strong immunoregulatory effects. Findings in this work provide theoretical support for the potential application of <i>Cynomorium songaricum</i> in the field of health food.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/1/143<i>Cynomorium songaricum</i> stempolysaccharideisolation and purificationimmunological effectsintestinal flora |
| spellingShingle | Tong Lv Jiarong Chen Zhongmei He Weijia Chen Ying Zong Rui Du Studies of the Immunomodulatory Activity of Polysaccharides from the Stem of <i>Cynomorium songaricum</i> Based on Intestinal Microbial Analysis Molecules <i>Cynomorium songaricum</i> stem polysaccharide isolation and purification immunological effects intestinal flora |
| title | Studies of the Immunomodulatory Activity of Polysaccharides from the Stem of <i>Cynomorium songaricum</i> Based on Intestinal Microbial Analysis |
| title_full | Studies of the Immunomodulatory Activity of Polysaccharides from the Stem of <i>Cynomorium songaricum</i> Based on Intestinal Microbial Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Studies of the Immunomodulatory Activity of Polysaccharides from the Stem of <i>Cynomorium songaricum</i> Based on Intestinal Microbial Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Studies of the Immunomodulatory Activity of Polysaccharides from the Stem of <i>Cynomorium songaricum</i> Based on Intestinal Microbial Analysis |
| title_short | Studies of the Immunomodulatory Activity of Polysaccharides from the Stem of <i>Cynomorium songaricum</i> Based on Intestinal Microbial Analysis |
| title_sort | studies of the immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides from the stem of i cynomorium songaricum i based on intestinal microbial analysis |
| topic | <i>Cynomorium songaricum</i> stem polysaccharide isolation and purification immunological effects intestinal flora |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/1/143 |
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