Effects of Harvesting Grabbing Type on Grabbing Force and Leaf Injury of Lettuce
Hydroponic lettuce is the main cultivated leafy vegetable in plant factories, and its scattered leaves are delicate and easily injured. Harvesting is an important process in the production of hydroponic lettuce. To reduce the injury level of hydroponic lettuce during harvesting, the impacts of the f...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/13/6047 |
| _version_ | 1797436096524582912 |
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| author | Yidong Ma Pengzhan Hu Xinping Li Xin Jin Huankun Wang Chao Zhang |
| author_facet | Yidong Ma Pengzhan Hu Xinping Li Xin Jin Huankun Wang Chao Zhang |
| author_sort | Yidong Ma |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hydroponic lettuce is the main cultivated leafy vegetable in plant factories, and its scattered leaves are delicate and easily injured. Harvesting is an important process in the production of hydroponic lettuce. To reduce the injury level of hydroponic lettuce during harvesting, the impacts of the flexible finger-grabbing position applied on the grabbing force and the area of the injured leaves were investigated in this study by utilizing thin-film sensors and a high-speed video camera. According to the overlapping structural characteristics of adjacent leaves on lettuce, flexible finger-grabbing positions were divided into areas of the surface of the leaves and the intersections of the leaves. Three grabbing types—which are referred to in this paper as Grabbing Types A, B, and C—were identified according to the number of flexible fingers grabbing the leaf surface and the intersection area of the leaves. The force curves of all the flexible fingers were measured by thin film sensors, and the injury area of the leaves was detected using an image processing method. The results showed the consistency of the grabbing force curves and the motion characteristic parameters of the four flexible fingers. The maximum grabbing force of each flexible finger appeared at the stage of pulling the lettuce. The grabbing force of the flexible fingers acting on the intersection areas of the leaves was less than that acting on the leaf surface. As the number of flexible fingers acting on the intersection areas of the leaves increased, both the injury area of the leaves and the grabbing force decreased gradually. Grabbing Type C had the smallest injury area of the leaves: 120.3 ± 13.6 mm<sup>2</sup> with an 11.4% coefficient of variation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:57:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ef1466ed661e466180f14bff2764c2cc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:57:45Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-ef1466ed661e466180f14bff2764c2cc2023-12-01T01:34:00ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-06-012313604710.3390/s23136047Effects of Harvesting Grabbing Type on Grabbing Force and Leaf Injury of LettuceYidong Ma0Pengzhan Hu1Xinping Li2Xin Jin3Huankun Wang4Chao Zhang5College of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, ChinaCollege of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, ChinaCollege of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, ChinaCollege of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, ChinaCollege of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, ChinaCollege of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, ChinaHydroponic lettuce is the main cultivated leafy vegetable in plant factories, and its scattered leaves are delicate and easily injured. Harvesting is an important process in the production of hydroponic lettuce. To reduce the injury level of hydroponic lettuce during harvesting, the impacts of the flexible finger-grabbing position applied on the grabbing force and the area of the injured leaves were investigated in this study by utilizing thin-film sensors and a high-speed video camera. According to the overlapping structural characteristics of adjacent leaves on lettuce, flexible finger-grabbing positions were divided into areas of the surface of the leaves and the intersections of the leaves. Three grabbing types—which are referred to in this paper as Grabbing Types A, B, and C—were identified according to the number of flexible fingers grabbing the leaf surface and the intersection area of the leaves. The force curves of all the flexible fingers were measured by thin film sensors, and the injury area of the leaves was detected using an image processing method. The results showed the consistency of the grabbing force curves and the motion characteristic parameters of the four flexible fingers. The maximum grabbing force of each flexible finger appeared at the stage of pulling the lettuce. The grabbing force of the flexible fingers acting on the intersection areas of the leaves was less than that acting on the leaf surface. As the number of flexible fingers acting on the intersection areas of the leaves increased, both the injury area of the leaves and the grabbing force decreased gradually. Grabbing Type C had the smallest injury area of the leaves: 120.3 ± 13.6 mm<sup>2</sup> with an 11.4% coefficient of variation.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/13/6047hydroponic lettuceharvestingflexible fingergrabbing forceleaf injury |
| spellingShingle | Yidong Ma Pengzhan Hu Xinping Li Xin Jin Huankun Wang Chao Zhang Effects of Harvesting Grabbing Type on Grabbing Force and Leaf Injury of Lettuce Sensors hydroponic lettuce harvesting flexible finger grabbing force leaf injury |
| title | Effects of Harvesting Grabbing Type on Grabbing Force and Leaf Injury of Lettuce |
| title_full | Effects of Harvesting Grabbing Type on Grabbing Force and Leaf Injury of Lettuce |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Harvesting Grabbing Type on Grabbing Force and Leaf Injury of Lettuce |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Harvesting Grabbing Type on Grabbing Force and Leaf Injury of Lettuce |
| title_short | Effects of Harvesting Grabbing Type on Grabbing Force and Leaf Injury of Lettuce |
| title_sort | effects of harvesting grabbing type on grabbing force and leaf injury of lettuce |
| topic | hydroponic lettuce harvesting flexible finger grabbing force leaf injury |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/13/6047 |
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