Glutamate Receptor Dysregulation and Platelet Glutamate Dynamics in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases: Insights into Current Medications
Two of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), present significant challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. While the etiologies of AD and PD differ, both diseases share commonalities in synaptic dysfunction, thereby focusing a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Biomolecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/11/1609 |
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| author | Deepa Gautam Ulhas P. Naik Meghna U. Naik Santosh K. Yadav Rameshwar Nath Chaurasia Debabrata Dash |
| author_facet | Deepa Gautam Ulhas P. Naik Meghna U. Naik Santosh K. Yadav Rameshwar Nath Chaurasia Debabrata Dash |
| author_sort | Deepa Gautam |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Two of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), present significant challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. While the etiologies of AD and PD differ, both diseases share commonalities in synaptic dysfunction, thereby focusing attention on the role of neurotransmitters. The possible functions that platelets may play in neurodegenerative illnesses including PD and AD are becoming more acknowledged. In AD, platelets have been investigated for their ability to generate amyloid-ß (Aß) peptides, contributing to the formation of neurotoxic plaques. Moreover, platelets are considered biomarkers for early AD diagnosis. In PD, platelets have been studied for their involvement in oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which are key factors in the disease’s pathogenesis. Emerging research shows that platelets, which release glutamate upon activation, also play a role in these disorders. Decreased glutamate uptake in platelets has been observed in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s patients, pointing to a systemic dysfunction in glutamate handling. This paper aims to elucidate the critical role that glutamate receptors play in the pathophysiology of both AD and PD. Utilizing data from clinical trials, animal models, and cellular studies, we reviewed how glutamate receptors dysfunction contributes to neurodegenerative (ND) processes such as excitotoxicity, synaptic loss, and cognitive impairment. The paper also reviews all current medications including glutamate receptor antagonists for AD and PD, highlighting their mode of action and limitations. A deeper understanding of glutamate receptor involvement including its systemic regulation by platelets could open new avenues for more effective treatments, potentially slowing disease progression and improving patient outcomes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:59:07Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ef2ee76d745045f6bd14b07b09c74c09 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-273X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:59:07Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomolecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-ef2ee76d745045f6bd14b07b09c74c092023-11-24T14:31:56ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2023-11-011311160910.3390/biom13111609Glutamate Receptor Dysregulation and Platelet Glutamate Dynamics in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases: Insights into Current MedicationsDeepa Gautam0Ulhas P. Naik1Meghna U. Naik2Santosh K. Yadav3Rameshwar Nath Chaurasia4Debabrata Dash5Center for Advanced Research on Platelet Signaling and Thrombosis Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, IndiaThe Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Center for Hemostasis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USAThe Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Center for Hemostasis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USAThe Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Center for Hemostasis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USAThe Department of Neurology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, IndiaCenter for Advanced Research on Platelet Signaling and Thrombosis Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, IndiaTwo of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), present significant challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. While the etiologies of AD and PD differ, both diseases share commonalities in synaptic dysfunction, thereby focusing attention on the role of neurotransmitters. The possible functions that platelets may play in neurodegenerative illnesses including PD and AD are becoming more acknowledged. In AD, platelets have been investigated for their ability to generate amyloid-ß (Aß) peptides, contributing to the formation of neurotoxic plaques. Moreover, platelets are considered biomarkers for early AD diagnosis. In PD, platelets have been studied for their involvement in oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which are key factors in the disease’s pathogenesis. Emerging research shows that platelets, which release glutamate upon activation, also play a role in these disorders. Decreased glutamate uptake in platelets has been observed in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s patients, pointing to a systemic dysfunction in glutamate handling. This paper aims to elucidate the critical role that glutamate receptors play in the pathophysiology of both AD and PD. Utilizing data from clinical trials, animal models, and cellular studies, we reviewed how glutamate receptors dysfunction contributes to neurodegenerative (ND) processes such as excitotoxicity, synaptic loss, and cognitive impairment. The paper also reviews all current medications including glutamate receptor antagonists for AD and PD, highlighting their mode of action and limitations. A deeper understanding of glutamate receptor involvement including its systemic regulation by platelets could open new avenues for more effective treatments, potentially slowing disease progression and improving patient outcomes.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/11/1609Alzheimer’s diseaseParkinson’s diseaseplateletglutamateNMDA receptorAMPA receptor |
| spellingShingle | Deepa Gautam Ulhas P. Naik Meghna U. Naik Santosh K. Yadav Rameshwar Nath Chaurasia Debabrata Dash Glutamate Receptor Dysregulation and Platelet Glutamate Dynamics in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases: Insights into Current Medications Biomolecules Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s disease platelet glutamate NMDA receptor AMPA receptor |
| title | Glutamate Receptor Dysregulation and Platelet Glutamate Dynamics in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases: Insights into Current Medications |
| title_full | Glutamate Receptor Dysregulation and Platelet Glutamate Dynamics in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases: Insights into Current Medications |
| title_fullStr | Glutamate Receptor Dysregulation and Platelet Glutamate Dynamics in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases: Insights into Current Medications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Glutamate Receptor Dysregulation and Platelet Glutamate Dynamics in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases: Insights into Current Medications |
| title_short | Glutamate Receptor Dysregulation and Platelet Glutamate Dynamics in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases: Insights into Current Medications |
| title_sort | glutamate receptor dysregulation and platelet glutamate dynamics in alzheimer s and parkinson s diseases insights into current medications |
| topic | Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s disease platelet glutamate NMDA receptor AMPA receptor |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/11/1609 |
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