Mitigating Fish-Killing Prymnesium parvum Algal Blooms in Aquaculture Ponds with Clay: The Importance of pH and Clay Type
Clay minerals have previously been used to mitigate algal blooms because of their ability to flocculate algal cells or remove nutrients, but also offer considerable potential to remove ichthyotoxins. When a barramundi farm in tropical Australia suffered substantial fish mortalities due to a bloom of...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2015-04-01
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| Series: | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/3/2/154 |
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| author | Andreas Seger Juan José Dorantes-Aranda Marius N. Müller Adam Body Anton Peristyy Allen R. Place Tae Gyu Park Gustaaf Hallegraeff |
| author_facet | Andreas Seger Juan José Dorantes-Aranda Marius N. Müller Adam Body Anton Peristyy Allen R. Place Tae Gyu Park Gustaaf Hallegraeff |
| author_sort | Andreas Seger |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Clay minerals have previously been used to mitigate algal blooms because of their ability to flocculate algal cells or remove nutrients, but also offer considerable potential to remove ichthyotoxins. When a barramundi farm in tropical Australia suffered substantial fish mortalities due to a bloom of the ichthyotoxic haptophyte Prymnesium parvum, the farm manager decided to manipulate pond water N:P ratios through removal of phosphorus by the addition of lanthanum-modified bentonite clay (Phoslock™) to successfully mitigate ichthyotoxic effects. We conducted Prymnesium culture experiments under a range of N:P ratios, screening 14 different clays (two zeolites, four kaolins, six bentonites and two types of Korean loess) at pH 7 and 9 for cell flocculation and removal of ichthyotoxicity assessed with the RTgill-W1 cell line assay. Application of Phoslock™ to cultures grown at different N:P effectively removed 60%–100% of water-soluble toxicity of live Prymnesium (dependent on nutritional status). While most clays efficiently flocculated Prymnesium cells (≥80% removal), cell removal proved a poor predictor of ichthyotoxin adsorption. Extensive clay screening revealed that at elevated pH, as commonly associated with dense algal blooms, most clays either exacerbated ichthyotoxicity or exhibited significantly reduced toxin adsorption. Interpretation of changes in clay zeta potential at pH 7 and 9 provided valuable insight into clay/ichthyotoxin interactions, yet further research is required to completely understand the adsorption mechanisms. Bentonite-type clays proved best suited for ichthyotoxin removal purposes (100% removal at ecologically relevant pH 9) and offer great potential for on-farm emergency response. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-17T21:53:57Z |
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| issn | 2077-1312 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-17T21:53:57Z |
| publishDate | 2015-04-01 |
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| series | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-ef32f7a824d345248bb2e83ed8bd7f912022-12-21T21:31:11ZengMDPI AGJournal of Marine Science and Engineering2077-13122015-04-013215417410.3390/jmse3020154jmse3020154Mitigating Fish-Killing Prymnesium parvum Algal Blooms in Aquaculture Ponds with Clay: The Importance of pH and Clay TypeAndreas Seger0Juan José Dorantes-Aranda1Marius N. Müller2Adam Body3Anton Peristyy4Allen R. Place5Tae Gyu Park6Gustaaf Hallegraeff7Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, AustraliaInstitute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, AustraliaOceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico 191, São Paulo, SP 05508-120, BrazilBox 39346, Winnellie, Northern Territory 0821, AustraliaAustralian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, AustraliaInstitute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland, Center for Environmental Sciences, Baltimore, MD 21202, USASoutheast Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute (NFRDI), Tongyeong 650-943, KoreaInstitute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, AustraliaClay minerals have previously been used to mitigate algal blooms because of their ability to flocculate algal cells or remove nutrients, but also offer considerable potential to remove ichthyotoxins. When a barramundi farm in tropical Australia suffered substantial fish mortalities due to a bloom of the ichthyotoxic haptophyte Prymnesium parvum, the farm manager decided to manipulate pond water N:P ratios through removal of phosphorus by the addition of lanthanum-modified bentonite clay (Phoslock™) to successfully mitigate ichthyotoxic effects. We conducted Prymnesium culture experiments under a range of N:P ratios, screening 14 different clays (two zeolites, four kaolins, six bentonites and two types of Korean loess) at pH 7 and 9 for cell flocculation and removal of ichthyotoxicity assessed with the RTgill-W1 cell line assay. Application of Phoslock™ to cultures grown at different N:P effectively removed 60%–100% of water-soluble toxicity of live Prymnesium (dependent on nutritional status). While most clays efficiently flocculated Prymnesium cells (≥80% removal), cell removal proved a poor predictor of ichthyotoxin adsorption. Extensive clay screening revealed that at elevated pH, as commonly associated with dense algal blooms, most clays either exacerbated ichthyotoxicity or exhibited significantly reduced toxin adsorption. Interpretation of changes in clay zeta potential at pH 7 and 9 provided valuable insight into clay/ichthyotoxin interactions, yet further research is required to completely understand the adsorption mechanisms. Bentonite-type clays proved best suited for ichthyotoxin removal purposes (100% removal at ecologically relevant pH 9) and offer great potential for on-farm emergency response.http://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/3/2/154Prymnesium parvummitigationclaypHichthyotoxicitygill cell line assayRTgill-W1zeta potential |
| spellingShingle | Andreas Seger Juan José Dorantes-Aranda Marius N. Müller Adam Body Anton Peristyy Allen R. Place Tae Gyu Park Gustaaf Hallegraeff Mitigating Fish-Killing Prymnesium parvum Algal Blooms in Aquaculture Ponds with Clay: The Importance of pH and Clay Type Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Prymnesium parvum mitigation clay pH ichthyotoxicity gill cell line assay RTgill-W1 zeta potential |
| title | Mitigating Fish-Killing Prymnesium parvum Algal Blooms in Aquaculture Ponds with Clay: The Importance of pH and Clay Type |
| title_full | Mitigating Fish-Killing Prymnesium parvum Algal Blooms in Aquaculture Ponds with Clay: The Importance of pH and Clay Type |
| title_fullStr | Mitigating Fish-Killing Prymnesium parvum Algal Blooms in Aquaculture Ponds with Clay: The Importance of pH and Clay Type |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mitigating Fish-Killing Prymnesium parvum Algal Blooms in Aquaculture Ponds with Clay: The Importance of pH and Clay Type |
| title_short | Mitigating Fish-Killing Prymnesium parvum Algal Blooms in Aquaculture Ponds with Clay: The Importance of pH and Clay Type |
| title_sort | mitigating fish killing prymnesium parvum algal blooms in aquaculture ponds with clay the importance of ph and clay type |
| topic | Prymnesium parvum mitigation clay pH ichthyotoxicity gill cell line assay RTgill-W1 zeta potential |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/3/2/154 |
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