Copy Number Variations of Glycoside Hydrolase 45 Genes in <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> and Their Impact on the Pathogenesis of Pine Wilt Disease
The pine wood nematode <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> parasitizes millions of pine trees worldwide each year, causing severe wilt and the death of host trees. Glycoside hydrolase 45 genes of <i>B. xylophilus</i> are reported to have been acquired by horizontal gene transfe...
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/3/275 |
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| author | Xiaolei Ding Qingtong Wang Yunfei Guo Yulong Li Sixi Lin Qingwei Zeng Feijian Sun De-Wei Li Jianren Ye |
| author_facet | Xiaolei Ding Qingtong Wang Yunfei Guo Yulong Li Sixi Lin Qingwei Zeng Feijian Sun De-Wei Li Jianren Ye |
| author_sort | Xiaolei Ding |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The pine wood nematode <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> parasitizes millions of pine trees worldwide each year, causing severe wilt and the death of host trees. Glycoside hydrolase 45 genes of <i>B. xylophilus</i> are reported to have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer from fungi and are responsible for cell wall degradation during nematode infection. Previous studies ignored the possibility of copy number variations of such genes. In this study, we determined that two of the glycoside hydrolase 45 genes evolved to maintain multiple copies with distinct expression levels, enabling the nematode to infect a variety of pine hosts. Additionally, tandem repeat variations within coding regions were also detected between different copies of glycoside hydrolase 45 genes that could result in changes in protein sequences and serve as an effective biological marker to detect copy number variations among different <i>B. xylophilus</i> populations. Consequently, we were able to further identify the copy number variations of glycoside hydrolase 45 genes among <i>B. xylophilus</i> strains with different virulence. Our results provide new insights into the pathogenicity of <i>B. xylophilus</i>, provide a practical marker to genotype copy number variations and may aid in population classification. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:14:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ef5d2c55aed04788a561ad9916d0dcb7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4907 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:14:11Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Forests |
| spelling | doaj.art-ef5d2c55aed04788a561ad9916d0dcb72023-12-03T11:55:14ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072021-02-0112327510.3390/f12030275Copy Number Variations of Glycoside Hydrolase 45 Genes in <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> and Their Impact on the Pathogenesis of Pine Wilt DiseaseXiaolei Ding0Qingtong Wang1Yunfei Guo2Yulong Li3Sixi Lin4Qingwei Zeng5Feijian Sun6De-Wei Li7Jianren Ye8Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaCo-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaZilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USACo-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaCo-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaSchool of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, ChinaCo-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaThe Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Valley Laboratory, Windsor, CT 06095, USACo-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaThe pine wood nematode <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> parasitizes millions of pine trees worldwide each year, causing severe wilt and the death of host trees. Glycoside hydrolase 45 genes of <i>B. xylophilus</i> are reported to have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer from fungi and are responsible for cell wall degradation during nematode infection. Previous studies ignored the possibility of copy number variations of such genes. In this study, we determined that two of the glycoside hydrolase 45 genes evolved to maintain multiple copies with distinct expression levels, enabling the nematode to infect a variety of pine hosts. Additionally, tandem repeat variations within coding regions were also detected between different copies of glycoside hydrolase 45 genes that could result in changes in protein sequences and serve as an effective biological marker to detect copy number variations among different <i>B. xylophilus</i> populations. Consequently, we were able to further identify the copy number variations of glycoside hydrolase 45 genes among <i>B. xylophilus</i> strains with different virulence. Our results provide new insights into the pathogenicity of <i>B. xylophilus</i>, provide a practical marker to genotype copy number variations and may aid in population classification.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/3/275<i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i>glycoside hydrolase 45multi-copy genecopy number variation |
| spellingShingle | Xiaolei Ding Qingtong Wang Yunfei Guo Yulong Li Sixi Lin Qingwei Zeng Feijian Sun De-Wei Li Jianren Ye Copy Number Variations of Glycoside Hydrolase 45 Genes in <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> and Their Impact on the Pathogenesis of Pine Wilt Disease Forests <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> glycoside hydrolase 45 multi-copy gene copy number variation |
| title | Copy Number Variations of Glycoside Hydrolase 45 Genes in <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> and Their Impact on the Pathogenesis of Pine Wilt Disease |
| title_full | Copy Number Variations of Glycoside Hydrolase 45 Genes in <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> and Their Impact on the Pathogenesis of Pine Wilt Disease |
| title_fullStr | Copy Number Variations of Glycoside Hydrolase 45 Genes in <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> and Their Impact on the Pathogenesis of Pine Wilt Disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | Copy Number Variations of Glycoside Hydrolase 45 Genes in <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> and Their Impact on the Pathogenesis of Pine Wilt Disease |
| title_short | Copy Number Variations of Glycoside Hydrolase 45 Genes in <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> and Their Impact on the Pathogenesis of Pine Wilt Disease |
| title_sort | copy number variations of glycoside hydrolase 45 genes in i bursaphelenchus xylophilus i and their impact on the pathogenesis of pine wilt disease |
| topic | <i>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</i> glycoside hydrolase 45 multi-copy gene copy number variation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/3/275 |
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